Template:Infobox lead

Lead,  ₈₂Pb

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General properties
Pronunciation	Template:Infobox element/pronunciation
Appearance	metallic gray
Standard atomic weight (Ar, standard)	Template:Infobox element/standard atomic weight
Mass number	Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-most-stable-isotope (most stable isotope)
Lead in the periodic table
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Atomic number (Z)	82
Group	Template:Infobox element/group
Period	period 6
Block	p-block
Element category	Template:Infobox element/category format
Electron configuration	[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 4
Physical properties
Phase at STP	solid
Melting point	600.61 K ​(327.46 °C, ​621.43 °F)
Boiling point	2022 K ​(1749 °C, ​3180 °F)
Density (near r.t.)	11.34 g/cm3
when liquid (at m.p.)	10.66 g/cm3
Heat of fusion	4.77 kJ/mol
[[Enthalpy of vaporization|Heat of Template:Engvar]]	179.5 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	26.650 J/(mol·K)
[[Vapor pressure|Template:Engvar pressure]] Template:Infobox element/vapor pressure table
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-oxidation-state
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 1.87 (+2)
[[Ionization energy|Template:Engvar energies]]	1st: 715.6 kJ/mol 2nd: 1450.5 kJ/mol 3rd: 3081.5 kJ/mol
Atomic radius	empirical: 175 pm
Covalent radius	146±5 pm
Van der Waals radius	202 pm
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Other properties
Crystal structure	​Template:Infobox element/crystal structure Template:Infobox element/crystal structure
Speed of sound thin rod	1190 m/s (at r.t.) (annealed)
Thermal expansion	28.9 µm/(m·K) (at 25 °C)
Thermal conductivity	35.3 W/(m·K)
Electrical resistivity	208 nΩ·m (at 20 °C)
Magnetic ordering	diamagnetic
Magnetic susceptibility	−23.0×10−6 cm3/mol (at 298 K)Template:Sfn
Young's modulus	16 GPa
Shear modulus	5.6 GPa
Bulk modulus	46 GPa
Poisson ratio	0.44
Mohs hardness	1.5
Brinell hardness	38–50 MPa
CAS Number	7439-92-1
History
Discovery	in the Middle East (7000 BCE)
Main isotopes of lead
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Isotopic abundances vary greatly by sample