Template:Infobox carbon

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Carbon,  6C
Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-top-image-alt
General properties
PronunciationTemplate:Infobox element/pronunciation
Allotropesgraphite, diamond
Appearancegraphite: black
diamond: clear
Standard atomic weight (Ar, standard)Template:Infobox element/standard atomic weight
Mass numberTemplate:Infobox element/symbol-to-most-stable-isotope (most stable isotope)
Carbon in the periodic table
Template:Infobox element/periodic table
Atomic number (Z)6
GroupTemplate:Infobox element/group
Periodperiod 2
Blockp-block
Element categoryTemplate:Infobox element/category format, sometimes considered a metalloid
Electron configuration[He] 2s2 2p2
Electrons per shell
2, 4
Physical properties
Phase at STPsolid
Sublimation point3915 K ​(3642 °C, ​6588 °F)
Density (near r.t.)amorphous: 1.8–2.1 g/cm3[1]
graphite: 2.267 g/cm3
diamond: 3.515 g/cm3
Triple point4600 K, ​10,800 kPa[2][3]
Heat of fusiongraphite: 117 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacitygraphite: 8.517 J/(mol·K)
diamond: 6.155 J/(mol·K)
Atomic properties
Oxidation statesTemplate:Infobox element/symbol-to-oxidation-state
ElectronegativityPauling scale: 2.55
[[Ionization energy|Template:Engvar energies]]
  • 1st: 1086.5 kJ/mol
  • 2nd: 2352.6 kJ/mol
  • 3rd: 4620.5 kJ/mol
  • (more)
Covalent radiussp3: 77 pm
sp2: 73 pm
sp: 69 pm
Van der Waals radius170 pm
Template:Infobox element/spectral lines
Other properties
Crystal structuregraphite: ​Template:Infobox element/crystal structure
(black)
Crystal structurediamond: ​Template:Infobox element/crystal structure
(clear)
Speed of sound thin roddiamond: 18,350 m/s (at 20 °C)
Thermal expansiondiamond: 0.8 µm/(m·K) (at 25 °C)[4]
Thermal conductivitygraphite: 119–165 W/(m·K)
diamond: 900–2300 W/(m·K)
Electrical resistivitygraphite: 7.837 µΩ·m[5]
Magnetic orderingdiamagnetic[6]
Magnetic susceptibility−5.9·10−6 (graph.) cm3/mol[7]
Young's modulusdiamond: 1050 GPa[4]
Shear modulusdiamond: 478 GPa[4]
Bulk modulusdiamond: 442 GPa[4]
Poisson ratiodiamond: 0.1[4]
Mohs hardnessgraphite: 1–2
diamond: 10
CAS Number7440-44-0
History
DiscoveryEgyptians and Sumerians[8] (3750 BCE)
Recognized as an element byAntoine Lavoisier[9] (1789)
Main isotopes of carbon
Template:Infobox element/isotopes table
| references

Template:Infobox element/element navigation Template:Template reference list Four of these are named references. They may be cited in the containing article as

  • <ref name="CRC" /> for the source CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics
  • <ref name="triple2" /> for the source by Haaland
  • <ref name="triple3" /> for the Savvatimskiy
  • <ref name="ioffe" /> for the Ioffe Institute Database

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  1. ↑ Template:RubberBible86th
  2. ↑ Haaland, D (1976). "Graphite-liquid-vapor triple point pressure and the density of liquid carbon". Carbon. 14 (6): 357. doi:10.1016/0008-6223(76)90010-5.
  3. ↑ Savvatimskiy, A (2005). "Measurements of the melting point of graphite and the properties of liquid carbon (a review for 1963–2003)". Carbon. 43 (6): 1115. doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2004.12.027.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Properties of diamond, Ioffe Institute Database
  5. ↑ "Material Properties- Misc Materials". www.nde-ed.org. Retrieved 12 November 2016.
  6. ↑ Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 81st edition, CRC press.
  7. ↑ Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.
  8. ↑ "History of Carbon and Carbon Materials - Center for Applied Energy Research - University of Kentucky". Caer.uky.edu. Retrieved 2008-09-12.
  9. ↑ Senese, Fred (2000-09-09). "Who discovered carbon?". Frostburg State University. Retrieved 2007-11-24.
  10. ↑ Template:Citeweb
  11. ↑ Template:Citeweb
  12. ↑ Template:Citeweb
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