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'''Karbala''' is a city in Iraq, some 60 miles southwest of Baghdad, celebrated by the fact that the Prophet’s grandson, [[Hussain ibn Ali|Hussain b. ʿAli]] was killed and his decapitated body buried there. In fact, Karbala is one of the four Shi’ite shrine cities (with [[Najaf]], Kazemayn, and Samarra) in Iraq known in Shi’ite Islam as [[‘atabat]]-e ‘aliat. When it became a place of pilgrimage, Karbala became known as Mashhad (al-) Hussain. | '''Karbala''' is a city in Iraq, some 60 miles southwest of Baghdad, celebrated by the fact that the Prophet’s grandson, [[Hussain ibn Ali|Hussain b. ʿAli]] was killed and his decapitated body is buried there. In fact, Karbala is one of the four Shi’ite shrine cities (with [[Najaf]], Kazemayn, and Samarra) in Iraq known in Shi’ite Islam as [[‘atabat]]-e ‘aliat. When it became a place of pilgrimage, Karbala became known as Mashhad (al-) Hussain. | ||
[[File:Karbala.jpg|thumb|The two shrines of [[Hussain ibn Ali|Imam al-Hussain]] and [[Abbas B. Ali B. Abu Taleb|Abbas ibn Ali]] are two main features of Karbala]] | [[File:Karbala.jpg|thumb|The two shrines of [[Hussain ibn Ali|Imam al-Hussain]] and [[Abbas B. Ali B. Abu Taleb|Abbas ibn Ali]] are two main features of Karbala]] | ||
==Battle of Karbala== | ==Battle of Karbala== | ||
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The Karbala tragedy became the constitutive event of [[Shiʿa|Shiʿism]] as a religion and the symbol of the victory of the oppressive majority over the righteous few, symbolizing whatever went wrong in Islamic history. A cult off [[martyrdom]] is linked to the death and downfall of Imam Hussain in Karbala. The ‘Ashura (date of Hussain’s martyrdom) was elaborated upon and systematized in the articulation of Shi’a theology. Every year, during the first ten days of the month of hijra, the battle of Karbala is commemorated by Shi’ite Muslims during Muharram and many go on [[pilgrimage]] to Karbala. Hussain’s martyrdom has become a source of strength and endurance for Shi’ite Muslims in times of suffering, persecution and oppression . | The Karbala tragedy became the constitutive event of [[Shiʿa|Shiʿism]] as a religion and the symbol of the victory of the oppressive majority over the righteous few, symbolizing whatever went wrong in Islamic history. A cult off [[martyrdom]] is linked to the death and downfall of Imam Hussain in Karbala. The ‘Ashura (date of Hussain’s martyrdom) was elaborated upon and systematized in the articulation of Shi’a theology. Every year, during the first ten days of the month of hijra, the battle of Karbala is commemorated by Shi’ite Muslims during Muharram and many go on [[pilgrimage]] to Karbala. Hussain’s martyrdom has become a source of strength and endurance for Shi’ite Muslims in times of suffering, persecution and oppression . | ||
==History== | ==History== | ||
After the end of the Battle of Karbala, tribesmen from a nearby village buried Hussain and [[ʿAbbas]] in the battlefield, and as early as 65/684-85 Hussain’s grave became a pilgrimage site for the Shiʿites. Under the early [[ʿAbbasids]], a tomb was built over Hussain’s grave, and its custodians were endowed by the pious benefactions of Omm Musa, mother of the caliph Mahdi (d. 158/764), who attempted to heal the rift between the ʿAbbasids and ʿAlids.<ref>Tabari, III, p. 752.</ref> However, during its long history the tomb of Hussain was desecrated several times and had to be restored. In 236/850-51, the caliph [https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-1/al-mutawakkil-SIM_4949?s.num=402&s.start=400 al-Matawakkil] (r. 232-47/847-61), destroyed the tomb of Hussain and prohibited pilgrimage to the sanctuary. However, after his death the graves were rebuilt and Hussain’s tomb restored.<ref>Tabari, III, p. 1407; Mostawfi, p. 32; tr., p. 39; Ibn Ḥawqal, p. 166.</ref> Sulayman the Magnificent visited the tomb in 1534 and 1535 and participated in its restoration. At the end of the eighteenth century, Agha Muhammad Khan, the founder of the [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Qajar-dynasty Qajar dynasty], covered the dome | After the end of the Battle of Karbala, tribesmen from a nearby village buried Hussain and [[ʿAbbas]] in the battlefield, and as early as 65/684-85 Hussain’s grave became a pilgrimage site for the Shiʿites. Under the early [[ʿAbbasids]], a tomb was built over Hussain’s grave, and its custodians were endowed by the pious benefactions of Omm Musa, mother of the caliph Mahdi (d. 158/764), who attempted to heal the rift between the ʿAbbasids and ʿAlids.<ref>Tabari, III, p. 752.</ref> However, during its long history the tomb of Hussain was desecrated several times and had to be restored. In 236/850-51, the caliph [https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-1/al-mutawakkil-SIM_4949?s.num=402&s.start=400 al-Matawakkil] (r. 232-47/847-61), destroyed the tomb of Hussain and prohibited pilgrimage to the sanctuary. However, after his death the graves were rebuilt and Hussain’s tomb restored.<ref>Tabari, III, p. 1407; Mostawfi, p. 32; tr., p. 39; Ibn Ḥawqal, p. 166.</ref> Sulayman the Magnificent visited the tomb in 1534 and 1535 and participated in its restoration. At the end of the eighteenth century, Agha Muhammad Khan, the founder of the [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Qajar-dynasty Qajar dynasty], covered the dome and the manara of the sanctuary in gold . In April 1802, twelve thousand Wahabbis under Shaykh Sa’ud invaded Karbala, killed over three thousand inhabitants and sacked the city. | ||
==Hadith on Karbala== | ==Hadith on Karbala== | ||