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'''Ali Asqar ibn Hussain''' (d. 10 [[Muharram]] 61/ 10 October 680), commonly known as | '''Ali Asqar ibn Hussain''' (d. 10 [[Muharram]] 61/ 10 October 680), commonly known as Ali al-Asqar (“younger Ali”), was [[Hussain ibn Ali|Imam Hussain]]’s youngest son. He was killed at the [[Battle of Karbala]] by an arrow shot at his throat and is commemorated annually by Shi’a community during Muharram rituals. He is the youngest martyr of the Battle of Karbala on the day of Ashura. He is given the title "Bab al-Hawa'ij". | ||
==Ali Asqar’s Birth and Martyrdom== | ==Ali Asqar’s Birth and Martyrdom== | ||
His mother was Rabab bint Imraʾ al-Qays b. Adi Kalbi.<ref>Tabari, p. 387; Mofid, al-Ekhtesas, Tehran, 1379/1959-60, p. 83</ref> According to various sources, he was a new-born child <ref>Yaʿqubi, II, pp. 290f.</ref>, or an infant. <ref>one-year-old in Balʿami; Tarikh, p. 268; Chronique IV, p. 43; six months in the Arabic “historical romance” of Ebn Taʾus Taʾusi, tr. F. Wüstenfeld, Der Tod des Husein ben ʿAli und die Rache, Göttingen, 1883, p. 91</ref> After trying to reach the Euphrates River, Hussain, surrounded by his enemies and badly wounded, took Abdallah in his lap. A man from the Banu Asad shot an arrow into the baby’s neck, killing him; Hussain gathered his blood in his hands, spilled it on the ground, and invoked God against the evil-doers. <ref>Tabari, II, pp. 359-60; Baḷʿami, p. 268; Chronique IV, p. 44</ref> Various later accounts confuse Abdallah b. Hussain and [[ʿAbdallah b. Hasan|Abdallah b. Hasan]], the latter of whom was killed defending his uncle Hussain. According to Tabari <ref>II, p. 387</ref>, the Abdallah b. Hussain was killed by Hani b. Thabit Hazrami, and Abdallah b. Hasan by [[Harmala b. Kahil al-Asadi|Harmala b. Kahel]]. According to the later Persian tradition, Abdallah b. Hussain was killed by Harmala b. Kahel Azdi, who shot an arrow through the baby’s throat.<ref>Hussain Waʿez ashefi, [[Rawzat al-Shuhada]], ed. M. Ramazani, Tehran, 1341 Sh./1962, p. 343; Habib al-siar [Tehran], II, p. 55</ref> Rawzat al-Shuhada adds that the arrow also penetrated Hussain’s arm; he removed it, stanched the bleeding, and took care not to spill a drop of blood on the ground. In various chronicles not concerned with [[Shiʿa|Shiʿite]] tradition regarding the three sons of Hussain named Ali, there are further confusions; thus [[Ali b. al-Hussain|Ali Zayn-al-Abedin]] is sometimes called Ali Asqar instead of Ali Awsat.<ref>e.g., Dinavari, Cairo, 1330/1912, p. 256; Habib al-siar II, p. 61</ref> In Tarikh-eQom <ref>ed. S. J. Ṭehrani, Tehran, 1313 Sh./1934, pp. 195ff.</ref> “Imam [[ʿAli Akbar|Ali Akbar]]” refers to Shahrbanuya’s son (i.e., Zayn-al-Abedin), and “Ali Asqar, the son of Layla,” to Ali Akbar; Abdallah (= Ali Asqar) is killed by an arrow in his mother’s arms. | His mother was Rabab bint Imraʾ al-Qays b. Adi Kalbi.<ref>Tabari, p. 387; Mofid, al-Ekhtesas, Tehran, 1379/1959-60, p. 83</ref> According to various sources, he was a new-born child <ref>Yaʿqubi, II, pp. 290f.</ref>, or an infant. <ref>one-year-old in Balʿami; Tarikh, p. 268; Chronique IV, p. 43; six months in the Arabic “historical romance” of Ebn Taʾus Taʾusi, tr. F. Wüstenfeld, Der Tod des Husein ben ʿAli und die Rache, Göttingen, 1883, p. 91</ref> After trying to reach the Euphrates River, Hussain, surrounded by his enemies and badly wounded, took Abdallah in his lap. A man from the Banu Asad shot an arrow into the baby’s neck, killing him; Hussain gathered his blood in his hands, spilled it on the ground, and invoked God against the evil-doers. <ref>Tabari, II, pp. 359-60; Baḷʿami, p. 268; Chronique IV, p. 44</ref> Various later accounts confuse Abdallah b. Hussain and [[ʿAbdallah b. Hasan|Abdallah b. Hasan]], the latter of whom was killed defending his uncle Hussain. According to Tabari <ref>II, p. 387</ref>, the Abdallah b. Hussain was killed by Hani b. Thabit Hazrami, and Abdallah b. Hasan by [[Harmala b. Kahil al-Asadi|Harmala b. Kahel]]. According to the later Persian tradition, Abdallah b. Hussain was killed by Harmala b. Kahel Azdi, who shot an arrow through the baby’s throat.<ref>Hussain Waʿez ashefi, [[Rawzat al-Shuhada]], ed. M. Ramazani, Tehran, 1341 Sh./1962, p. 343; Habib al-siar [Tehran], II, p. 55</ref> Rawzat al-Shuhada adds that the arrow also penetrated Hussain’s arm; he removed it, stanched the bleeding, and took care not to spill a drop of blood on the ground. In various chronicles not concerned with [[Shiʿa|Shiʿite]] tradition regarding the three sons of Hussain named Ali, there are further confusions; thus [[Ali b. al-Hussain|Ali Zayn-al-Abedin]] is sometimes called Ali Asqar instead of Ali Awsat.<ref>e.g., Dinavari, Cairo, 1330/1912, p. 256; Habib al-siar II, p. 61</ref> In Tarikh-eQom <ref>ed. S. J. Ṭehrani, Tehran, 1313 Sh./1934, pp. 195ff.</ref> “Imam [[ʿAli Akbar|Ali Akbar]]” refers to Shahrbanuya’s son (i.e., Zayn-al-Abedin), and “Ali Asqar, the son of Layla,” to Ali Akbar; Abdallah (= Ali Asqar) is killed by an arrow in his mother’s arms. | ||