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'''Al-Taff''' (Arabic: الطَفّ) which is another name for the area of [[Karbala]] was the last station on [[Imam Hussain]]’s path from Mecca to [[Kufa]]. Al-Taff lies west of Kufa along the alluvial plain of the Euphrates. The word al-Taff is frequently used in the literature of [[Ashura]] and Arabic poems as phrases such as "Yawm al-Taff" (Day of Taff), "Qatil al-Taff" (Casualties of al-Taff), and "Waq'at al-Taff" (Event of al-Taff) refer to the [[Battle of Karbala]].
'''Al-Taff''' (Arabic: الطَفّ) which is another name for the area of [[Karbala]] was the last station on [[Imam Hussain]]’s path from Mecca to [[Kufa]]. Al-Taff lies west of Kufa along the alluvial plain of the Euphrates. The word al-Taff is frequently used in the literature of [[Ashura]] and Arabic poems as phrases such as "Yawm al-Taff" (Day of Taff), "Qatil al-Taff" (Casualties of al-Taff), and "Waq'at al-Taff" (Event of al-Taff) refer to the [[Battle of Karbala]].


== Location and Meaning ==  
==Location and Meaning==  
Al-Taff is the desert region that lies west of Kufa along the alluvial plain of the Euphrates. It is higher than the low-lying ground by the river and forms the transition to the central Arabian plateau. Al-Taff has several meanings. According to the authorities quoted by Yaqut (iii. 359), al-taff means an area raised above the surrounding country. It also means a seaside or a riverbank. Since Karbala was on the side of Euphrates, it came to be called "al-Taff".
Al-Taff is the desert region that lies west of Kufa along the alluvial plain of the Euphrates. It is higher than the low-lying ground by the river and forms the transition to the central Arabian plateau. Al-Taff has several meanings. According to the authorities quoted by Yaqut (iii. 359), al-taff means an area raised above the surrounding country. It also means a seaside or a riverbank. Since Karbala was on the side of Euphrates, it came to be called "al-Taff".


== Events ==
==Events==
Leaving [[Qasr Bani Muqatil]], Al-Hussain and his companions continued their way towards [[Kufa]]. On the way, Imam was heard repeating: Inna lillah wa inna ilayhi rajia’un, wal hamdu lillahi rabbil ‘a lamin... (We belong to Allah and to Him shall we return, and all Praise belongs to Allah, the Lord of the worlds).  
Leaving [[Qasr Bani Muqatil]], Al-Hussain and his companions continued their way towards [[Kufa]]. On the way, Imam was heard repeating: Inna lillah wa inna ilayhi rajia’un, wal hamdu lillahi rabbil ‘a lamin... (We belong to Allah and to Him shall we return, and all Praise belongs to Allah, the Lord of the worlds).  


His son, [[Ali al-Akbar ibn al-Hussain|Ali al-Akbar]], heard him and asked about the reason which prompted him to keep repeating these statements. Said the Imam, “I drowsed for a moment, whereupon I saw a horseman saying, ‘These people are marching as fates march towards them,' so I realized that we are being eulogized.” “May Allah never permit you to see any evil,” said [[Ali al-Akbar ibn al-Hussain|Ali al-Akbar]],  
His son, [[Ali al-Akbar ibn al-Hussain|Ali al-Akbar]], heard him and asked about the reason which prompted him to keep repeating these statements. Said the Imam, “I drowsed for a moment, whereupon I saw a horseman saying, ‘These people are marching as fates march towards them,' so I realized that we are being eulogized.” “May Allah never permit you to see any evil,” said [[Ali al-Akbar ibn al-Hussain|Ali al-Akbar]],  


“Are we not right?” “We are, by the One to Whom all the servants shall return,” Al-Hussain answered. “O father! In that case, we do not mind at all having to die so long as we are right,” said ‘Ali. Al-Hussain said, “May Allah reward you for being such a good son with the best of rewards whereby He rewards a son on behalf of his father.”<ref>al-Tabari, Tarikh, Vol. 6, p. 231. On p. 48 of Maqtal al-’Awalim (of ‘Abdullah Nur-Allah al-Bahrani), it is stated that “Al-Husayn took a nap in the after-noon at al-Udhayb. He saw in a vision someone saying, ‘You are speeding, yet death is speedily taking you to Paradise.'” According to p. 226, Vol. 1, of al-Khawarizmi's book Maqtal al-Husayn, al-Husayn reached al-Tha’labiyya where he slept in the after-noon. He woke up weeping. His son, ‘Ali al-Akbar, asked him why he was weeping. ‘Son! This is an hour in which no vision tells a lie! Just as I felt drowsiness overtaking me..., etc.'”</ref>
“Are we not right?” “We are, by the One to Whom all the servants shall return,” Al-Hussain answered. “O father! In that case, we do not mind at all having to die so long as we are right,” said Ali. Al-Hussain said, “May Allah reward you for being such a good son with the best of rewards whereby He rewards a son on behalf of his father.”<ref>al-Tabari, Tarikh, Vol. 6, p. 231. On p. 48 of Maqtal al-’Awalim (of ‘Abdullah Nur-Allah al-Bahrani), it is stated that “Al-Husayn took a nap in the after-noon at al-Udhayb. He saw in a vision someone saying, ‘You are speeding, yet death is speedily taking you to Paradise.'” According to p. 226, Vol. 1, of al-Khawarizmi's book Maqtal al-Husayn, al-Husayn reached al-Tha’labiyya where he slept in the after-noon. He woke up weeping. His son, ‘Ali al-Akbar, asked him why he was weeping. ‘Son! This is an hour in which no vision tells a lie! Just as I felt drowsiness overtaking me..., etc.'”</ref>


Al-Hussain kept marching till he arrived at Ninawa.<ref>According to Vol. 10, bound edition No. 7, dated 1330 A.H./1912 A.D., it was one of the Taff villages, a town full of scholars and scholarship. It reached its zenith during the time of <nowiki>[[Imam Ja’far al-Sadiq]]</nowiki>. At the beginning of the third century, it did not amount to anything.</ref>
Al-Hussain kept marching till he arrived at Ninawa.<ref>According to Vol. 10, bound edition No. 7, dated 1330 A.H./1912 A.D., it was one of the Taff villages, a town full of scholars and scholarship. It reached its zenith during the time of <nowiki>[[Imam Ja’far al-Sadiq]]</nowiki>. At the beginning of the third century, it did not amount to anything.</ref>
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Al-Hussain said to him, “I shall not be the one who fights them first.” Then Zuhayr said, “There is a village nearby at the bank of the Euphrates; it is defensible and it overlooks the Euphrates from all but one direction.” Al-Hussain asked him about its name, and when he came to know that it was called “al-’Aqr,”<ref>al-Ghadiriyya is named after Ghadira, a clan of Banu Asad. It is said to lie to the north of ‘Awn’s grave. In Manahil al-Darb by Sayyid Ja’far al-A’raji al-Kadimi, a manuscript at the private library of the authority Shaikh Agha Buzurg al-Tehrani, ‘Awn is the son of ‘Abdullah Ibn Ja’far Ibn Mar’i Ibn ‘Ali Ibn al-Hasan al-Banafsaj Ibn Idris Ibn Dawud Ibn Ahmad al-Mas’ud Ibn ‘Abdullah Ibn Musa al-Juhn Ibn ‘Abdullah Ibn al-Mahz Ibn al-Hassan II Ibn [Imam] <nowiki>[[al-Hasan]]</nowiki> son of the Commander of the Faithful.
Al-Hussain said to him, “I shall not be the one who fights them first.” Then Zuhayr said, “There is a village nearby at the bank of the Euphrates; it is defensible and it overlooks the Euphrates from all but one direction.” Al-Hussain asked him about its name, and when he came to know that it was called “al-’Aqr,”<ref>al-Ghadiriyya is named after Ghadira, a clan of Banu Asad. It is said to lie to the north of ‘Awn’s grave. In Manahil al-Darb by Sayyid Ja’far al-A’raji al-Kadimi, a manuscript at the private library of the authority Shaikh Agha Buzurg al-Tehrani, ‘Awn is the son of ‘Abdullah Ibn Ja’far Ibn Mar’i Ibn ‘Ali Ibn al-Hasan al-Banafsaj Ibn Idris Ibn Dawud Ibn Ahmad al-Mas’ud Ibn ‘Abdullah Ibn Musa al-Juhn Ibn ‘Abdullah Ibn al-Mahz Ibn al-Hassan II Ibn [Imam] <nowiki>[[al-Hasan]]</nowiki> son of the Commander of the Faithful.
He lived at the holy city of al-Ha’ir, and he had an estate two farasangs from Karbala’ where he died. He was buried there, and his grave lies under a dome. His shrine is sought by pilgrims and by those who have nathr. Many people are confused about him. Some say he is the son of <nowiki>[[‘Ali Ibn Abu Talib]]</nowiki>, whereas others say he is the son of ‘Abdullah Ibn Ja’far at-Tayyar, since the latter was buried at the martyrs' cemetery at al-Hair.
He lived at the holy city of al-Ha’ir, and he had an estate two farasangs from Karbala’ where he died. He was buried there, and his grave lies under a dome. His shrine is sought by pilgrims and by those who have nathr. Many people are confused about him. Some say he is the son of <nowiki>[[‘Ali Ibn Abu Talib]]</nowiki>, whereas others say he is the son of ‘Abdullah Ibn Ja’far at-Tayyar, since the latter was buried at the martyrs' cemetery at al-Hair.
There are ruins there of a citadel known as Banu Asad's citadel. As regarding Shufayya, it is a well belonging to Banu Asad. Al-’Aqr used to be the area where the people of Bachtnuzzer used to reside. The Battle of ‘Aqr is the one wherein Yazid Ibn al-Muhallab was killed in 102 A.H./720 A.D. All these places are villages close to each other. On p. 95, Vol. 3, of his concordance titled Al-Mu’jam fima Ista’jam, al-Bakri says, “People used to say that the offspring of Harb sacrificed their religion in the Battle of Karbala’; the
There are ruins there of a citadel known as Banu Asad's citadel. As regarding Shufayya, it is a well belonging to Banu Asad. Al-’Aqr used to be the area where the people of Bachtnuzzer used to reside. The Battle of ‘Aqr is the one wherein Yazid Ibn al-Muhallab was killed in 102 A.H./720 A.D. All these places are villages close to each other. On p. 95, Vol. 3, of his concordance titled Al-Mu’jam fima Ista’jam, al-Bakri says, “People used to say that the offspring of Harb sacrificed their religion in the Battle of Karbala’; the
offspring of Marwan sacrificed their manliness in the Battle of ‘Aqr. It means that the first did so when they killed al-Husayn at Karbala’, whereas the other party did so when they killed Yazid son of al-Muhallab at ‘Aqr.” On p. 16 of his book Tarikh al-Mosul, Ibn Iyas (who died in 334 A.H./945 A.D.) cites Kathir Ibn ‘Abdul-Rahman al-Khuza’i saying, “Goodness, by Allah, was annihilated when the son of al-Muhallab was killed.” And on p. 16, it is stated that al-Farazdaq eulogized Yazid Ibn al-Muhallab with verses one of which is the following:
offspring of Marwan sacrificed their manliness in the Battle of ‘Aqr. It means that the first did so when they killed al-Husayn at Karbala’, whereas the other party did so when they killed Yazid son of al-Muhallab at ‘Aqr.” On p. 16 of his book Tarikh al-Mosul, Ibn Iyas (who died in 334 A.H./945 A.D.) cites Kathir Ibn ‘Abdul-Rahman al-Khuza’i saying, “Goodness, by Allah, was annihilated when the son of al-Muhallab was killed.” And on p. 16, it is stated that al-Farazdaq eulogized Yazid Ibn al-Muhallab with verses one of which is the following:
No female ever conceived nor did any deliver
No female ever conceived nor did any deliver
Anyone after the one killed at ‘Aqr.</ref>  [which means in Arabic “hamstringing”], the Imam said, “We seek refuge with Allah against hamstringing.”  
Anyone after the one killed at ‘Aqr.</ref>  [which means in Arabic “hamstringing”], the Imam said, “We seek refuge with Allah against hamstringing.”  


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A great stand that shook the foundations  
A great stand that shook the foundations  


Of Allah's ‘Arsh a great shaking,  
Of Allah's Arsh a great shaking,  


So shall Yazid stand One Day  
So shall Yazid stand One Day  
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To always grieve till the Pretender, for eternity.<ref>Excerpted from a 93-line poem by Shaikh Muhammad Ibn Sharif Ibn Falah al-Kadimi, the same poet who had composed the “Kerrari Poem” in praise of the Commander of the Faithful, one critiqued by as many as eighteen of his contemporary poets. Both poems are among the manuscripts at the library belonging to the authority critic al-Amini, author of the Al-Ghadir encyclopaedia.</ref>
To always grieve till the Pretender, for eternity.<ref>Excerpted from a 93-line poem by Shaikh Muhammad Ibn Sharif Ibn Falah al-Kadimi, the same poet who had composed the “Kerrari Poem” in praise of the Commander of the Faithful, one critiqued by as many as eighteen of his contemporary poets. Both poems are among the manuscripts at the library belonging to the authority critic al-Amini, author of the Al-Ghadir encyclopaedia.</ref>


== Source ==
==Source==


* [http://alhassanain.org/Maqtal%20al-Hussain%20Martyrdom%20Epic%20of%20Imam%20al-Hussain%20('a)/Maqtal_al-_Hussain_Martyrdom_Epic_of_Imam_al-Hussain_('a)_html/Maqtal_al-_Hussain_Martyrdom_Epic_of_Imam_al-Hussain_('a).htm Abd al Razzaq al-Muqarram, Maqtal al-Hussain: Martyrdom Epic of Imam al-Hussain]  
*[http://alhassanain.org/Maqtal%20al-Hussain%20Martyrdom%20Epic%20of%20Imam%20al-Hussain%20('a)/Maqtal_al-_Hussain_Martyrdom_Epic_of_Imam_al-Hussain_('a)_html/Maqtal_al-_Hussain_Martyrdom_Epic_of_Imam_al-Hussain_('a).htm Abd al Razzaq al-Muqarram, Maqtal al-Hussain: Martyrdom Epic of Imam al-Hussain]


* [https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-1/al-taff-SIM_5603?lang=fr brillonline Website]
*[https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-1/al-taff-SIM_5603?lang=fr brillonline Website]


== References ==
==References==
[[Category:Places]]
[[Category:Places]]
[[Category:Imam’s Route from Mecca to Kufa]]
[[Category:Imam’s Route from Mecca to Kufa]]
[[Category:Battle of Karbala]]
[[Category:Battle of Karbala]]
<references />
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