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'''Ta'ziya''' is an Islamic Shi'ite ritual performed mainly in Iran. The Arabic term ta'ziya (Per., Ta'ziyeh) means to mourn or to offer one's condolences for a death. It is also sometimes called ta’ziya khani, or shabih khani. The term taʻziya has been used primarily in Iran to refer to a Shi'ite religious ritual consisting of a theatrical re-enactment of the tragic seventh century Battle of [[Karbala]]. This historic battle was fought between the followers of prophet [[ | '''Ta'ziya''' is an Islamic Shi'ite ritual performed mainly in Iran. The Arabic term ta'ziya (Per., Ta'ziyeh) means to mourn or to offer one's condolences for a death. It is also sometimes called ta’ziya khani, or shabih khani. The term taʻziya has been used primarily in Iran to refer to a Shi'ite religious ritual consisting of a theatrical re-enactment of the tragic seventh century Battle of [[Karbala]]. This historic battle was fought between the followers of prophet [[Prophet|Muhammad]]'s grandson, [[Hussain ibn Ali|Imam Hussain]] and the troops of the second [[Umayyad]] caliph [[Yazid]]. While taʼziya performance rituals have been mostly restricted to Iran, the Shi'a of South Asia and Iraq use the term taʻziya to refer to a model or replica of Hussain's tomb, which they use in their ritual processions, after which they are ritually discarded. | ||
==The Battle of Karbala== | ==The Battle of Karbala== | ||
Accounts of the Battle of Karbala can be summarized as follows. In the year 680 C.E., Hussain, who was also the third imam of the [[Shi'a]], was killed in the desert of southern Iraq along with over seventy of his family and close friends by troops loyal to the caliph Yazid. The women and children were taken prisoner and paraded in various cities, adding to the humiliation, but also providing opportunities for these women, particularly Hussain's sister [[Zaynab]], to speak out publicly against Yazid. Yazid is portrayed by the Shisa as notoriously corrupt, immoral, and oppressive. Hence, Hussain's rebellion and subsequent [[martyrdom]] is understood by the Shiʻa as an epic struggle between good and evil. For the Shisa this event has served as a vindication of the Shi'ite cause in the face of [[Sunni]] criticism, as well as constituting the central event in their understanding of human history. | Accounts of the Battle of Karbala can be summarized as follows. In the year 680 C.E., Hussain, who was also the third imam of the [[Shiʿa|Shi'a]], was killed in the desert of southern Iraq along with over seventy of his family and close friends by troops loyal to the caliph Yazid. The women and children were taken prisoner and paraded in various cities, adding to the humiliation, but also providing opportunities for these women, particularly Hussain's sister [[Zaynab]], to speak out publicly against Yazid. Yazid is portrayed by the Shisa as notoriously corrupt, immoral, and oppressive. Hence, Hussain's rebellion and subsequent [[martyrdom]] is understood by the Shiʻa as an epic struggle between good and evil. For the Shisa this event has served as a vindication of the Shi'ite cause in the face of [[Sunni]] criticism, as well as constituting the central event in their understanding of human history. | ||
==Historical Development== | ==Historical Development== | ||
[[File:A Ta'ziyeh company of Late Qajar era.jpg|thumb|438x438px|[http://www.iranchamber.com/cinema/articles/taziyeh_drag_kings_queens.php A Ta'ziyeh company of Late Qajar era.jpg]]] | [[File:A Ta'ziyeh company of Late Qajar era.jpg|thumb|438x438px|[http://www.iranchamber.com/cinema/articles/taziyeh_drag_kings_queens.php A Ta'ziyeh company of Late Qajar era.jpg]]] | ||
Following the battle itself, popular elegies of the martyrs were composed. However, the earliest reliable account of the performance of public mourning rituals was recorded in 963 C.E. during the reign of Mu'izz al-Dawla, the [http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/buyids Buyid] ruler of southern Iran and Iraq. When the [http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/safavids Safavid] dynasty came to power in Iran a new type of ritual called [[rawza-khani]] emerged, consisting mainly of a ritual sermon recounting and mourning the tragedy of Karbala. This ritual was based on texts like Hussain Va'ez Kashfi's 1502 composition entitled [[Rawzat al-shuhada]] (The garden of martyrs). Kashfi's text was a synthesis of a long line of historical accounts of Karbala by religious scholars. | Following the battle itself, popular elegies of the martyrs were composed. However, the earliest reliable account of the performance of public mourning rituals was recorded in 963 C.E. during the reign of Mu'izz al-Dawla, the [http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/buyids Buyid] ruler of southern Iran and Iraq. When the [http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/safavids Safavid] dynasty came to power in Iran a new type of ritual called [[Rawza-Khani|rawza-khani]] emerged, consisting mainly of a ritual sermon recounting and mourning the tragedy of Karbala. This ritual was based on texts like Hussain Va'ez Kashfi's 1502 composition entitled [[Rawzat al-shuhada]] (The garden of martyrs). Kashfi's text was a synthesis of a long line of historical accounts of Karbala by religious scholars. | ||
By the time the [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Qajar-dynasty Qajar] dynasty took power in Iran in 1796, the rawza-khani ritual had evolved into the much more elaborate ritual called shabih-khani or taʼziya. The ta’ziya, an elaborate theatrical performance of the Karbala story based on the same narratives used in the rawza-khani, involved a large cast of professional and amateur actors, a director, a staging area, costumes, and props. | By the time the [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Qajar-dynasty Qajar] dynasty took power in Iran in 1796, the rawza-khani ritual had evolved into the much more elaborate ritual called shabih-khani or taʼziya. The ta’ziya, an elaborate theatrical performance of the Karbala story based on the same narratives used in the rawza-khani, involved a large cast of professional and amateur actors, a director, a staging area, costumes, and props. | ||