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*Ayoub, Mahmoud M.Redemptive Suffering in Islam : A Study of the Devotional Aspects of ʿĀshūrāʿ in Twelver Shīʿism. The Hague: Mouton, 1978. The first major Western study on the subject, shedding light on the martyrdom motif in both Sunni and Shiʿi Islam. | *Ayoub, Mahmoud M.Redemptive Suffering in Islam : A Study of the Devotional Aspects of ʿĀshūrāʿ in Twelver Shīʿism. The Hague: Mouton, 1978. The first major Western study on the subject, shedding light on the martyrdom motif in both Sunni and Shiʿi Islam. | ||
*Björkman, W.“Shāhid.” In Shorter Encyclopaedia of Islam, edited by H. A. R. Gibb and J. H. Kramers, pp. 517–518. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1953. | *Björkman, W.“Shāhid.” In Shorter Encyclopaedia of Islam, edited by H. A. R. Gibb and J. H. Kramers, pp. 517–518. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1953. | ||
*Chelkowski, Peter, ed.Taʿziyeh: Ritual and Drama in Iran. New York: New York University Press, 1979. Classic study highlighting the importance of the martyrdom motif for the rise and development of taʿzīyah, which has been called the only authentic Islamic drama. | *[[Peter J. Chelkowski|Chelkowski, Peter]], ed.Taʿziyeh: Ritual and Drama in Iran. New York: New York University Press, 1979. Classic study highlighting the importance of the martyrdom motif for the rise and development of taʿzīyah, which has been called the only authentic Islamic drama. | ||
*Cook, David. Martyrdom in Islam. Cambridge, U.K.: Cam-bridge University Press, 2007. | *Cook, David. Martyrdom in Islam. Cambridge, U.K.: Cam-bridge University Press, 2007. | ||
*Dorraj, Manochehr. “Symbolic and Utilitarian Political Value of a Tradition: Martyrdom in the Iranian Political Culture.”The Review of Politics59, no. 3 (1997): 489–521. | *Dorraj, Manochehr. “Symbolic and Utilitarian Political Value of a Tradition: Martyrdom in the Iranian Political Culture.”The Review of Politics59, no. 3 (1997): 489–521. | ||