Ali b. al-Hussain: Difference between revisions

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{{infobox person
'''ʿAli b. al-Hussain''' b. ʿAli b. Abi Talib, Zayn al-ʿAbidin (“Ornament of the Worshippers”), is the fourth [[Imam]] of the [[Twelver Shi’a]]. His kunya is variously given as Abu ʿAbd Allah, Abu Bakr, Abu’l-Hussain, Abu’l-Hasan, etc. According to most sources, he was born in 38/658-59 in Medina. At [[Karbala]], Zayn al-ʿAbidin is said to have been too ill to join in the fighting; after the battle  [[Shamir  b. Dhi ‘l-Jawshan]] found him lying on a mat in the women’s tent and ordered him to be  killed but was overruled by [[ʿOmar b. Saʿd]], the commander of the Syrian army. When ʿAli was brought before [[ʿObayd Allah b. Ziyad]] in Kufa, the governor ordered his execution, but relented after pleas by al-Hussain’s sister [[Zaynab]]. ʿAli and the other survivors were taken to [[Yazid]] in Damascus, and he sent them back to Medina. The mashhad ʿAli, forming part of the great mosque in Damascus, is said to have been built at the place of Zayn al-ʿAbidin’s incarceration.<ref>cf.L. Pouzet, Damas au VIIe /XIIIe siècle ,Beirut 1988, 352</ref>
| name          = ʿAli b. al-Hussain
| native_name        = علی ابن الحسین (زین العابدین)
| image          = zain al abedin.jpg
| known_for          =
| birth_date  = 5 Sha'aban 38 AH Or 15 Jumada al-awwal 36 AH (c. 4 January 659)
| birth_place =Kufa, Iraq or Medina, Hejaz
| father        = Hussain ibn Ali
| mother        = Lady Shāhzanān (aka Shahr Banu)
| relatives          = Ali al-Akbar, Ali al-Asghar, Sakinah bint Hussain, Fatima al-Kubra bint Hussain, Fatima al-Sughra bint al-Hussain, Ruqayyah
| spouse            = Fatimah bint Hasan, Jayda al-Sindhi
| children          = Muhammad al-Baqir, Zayd al-Shahid, Hussain al-Asghar, Abdullah Albahar, Ali Al Asghar, Umar Al Ashraf, and two Daughters, Umm Kulthoom and Khadija
| death_date  = 25 Muharram 95 AH- aged 54 (c. 20 October 713)
| death_place = Medina, Umayyad Caliphate
| resting_place      =  Jannat al-Baqi cemetery, Medina, Saudi Arabia
}}
'''ʿAli b. al-Hussain''' b. ʿAli b. Abi Talib, Zayn al-ʿAbidin (“Ornament of the Worshippers”), is the fourth [[Imam]] of the [[Twelver Shi’a]]. His kunya is variously given as Abu ʿAbd Allah, Abu Bakr, Abu’l-Hussain, Abu’l-Hasan, etc. According to most sources, he was born in 38/658-59 in Medina. At [[Karbala]], Zayn al-ʿAbidin is said to have been too ill to join in the fighting; after the battle  [[Shamir  b. Dhi ‘l-Jawshan]] found him lying on a mat in the women’s tent and ordered him to be  killed but was overruled by [[ʿOmar b. Saʿd]], the commander of the Syrian army. When ʿAli was brought before [[Obayd-Allah Ibn Ziad|ʿObayd Allah b. Ziyad]] in Kufa, the governor ordered his execution, but relented after pleas by al-Hussain’s sister [[Zaynab]]. ʿAli and the other survivors were taken to [[Yazid]] in Damascus, and he sent them back to Medina. The mashhad ʿAli, forming part of the great mosque in Damascus, is said to have been built at the place of Zayn al-ʿAbidin’s incarceration.<ref>cf.L. Pouzet, Damas au VIIe /XIIIe siècle ,Beirut 1988, 352</ref>
==Birth==
==Birth==
According to many sources he was born (in Medina) in 38/658-9, though the years 33, 36 and 37 are also given. If accounts that he had not reached puberty at the time of the [[Karbala]] massacre (61/680) are to be trusted, this would put his birthdate forward to the 40s/660s; these accounts are, however, rejected by al-Waqidi and other authorities.  
According to many sources he was born (in Medina) in 38/658-9, though the years 33, 36 and 37 are also given. If accounts that he had not reached puberty at the time of the [[Karbala]] massacre (61/680) are to be trusted, this would put his birthdate forward to the 40s/660s; these accounts are, however, rejected by al-Waqidi and other authorities.  
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His mother’s name is variously given as Barra, Qazala, Solafa, Jayda, etc.; some say that she was an umm walad [q.v.] from Sind (or Sijistan), while Shiʿi tradition has it that she was a daughter of the last Sasanid emperor Yazdagird III and that her Persian name was Jihanshah, [[Shahrbanu]] or Shahzanan. Some say she threw herself into the Euphrates after the battle, but others maintain that she was among the survivors of Karbala. Shiʿis  refer to ʿAli as ibn al-khiyaratayn “the son of the two elect” since, according to a tradition of the Prophet, the Quraysh are the elect of the Arabs and the Persians are the elect of the non-Arabs.
His mother’s name is variously given as Barra, Qazala, Solafa, Jayda, etc.; some say that she was an umm walad [q.v.] from Sind (or Sijistan), while Shiʿi tradition has it that she was a daughter of the last Sasanid emperor Yazdagird III and that her Persian name was Jihanshah, [[Shahrbanu]] or Shahzanan. Some say she threw herself into the Euphrates after the battle, but others maintain that she was among the survivors of Karbala. Shiʿis  refer to ʿAli as ibn al-khiyaratayn “the son of the two elect” since, according to a tradition of the Prophet, the Quraysh are the elect of the Arabs and the Persians are the elect of the non-Arabs.
==In Karbala==
==In Karbala==
ʿAli was present at the massacre of his family at [[Karbala]] in 61/680 but did not participate in the fighting, since he was ill, and thus survived the battle. Zayn al-ʿAbidin was not the only son of [[Hussain ibn Ali|al-Hussain]] called ʿAli; another was killed at Karbala and is known as ʿAli al-Shahid. Some historians, including Ibn Saʿd, Ibn Qutayba, al-Baladhuri and al- Tabari, refer to him as ʿAli al-Akbar and to Zayn al-ʿAbidin as ʿAli al-Asqar. Others (e.g. al-Qazi al-Nuʿman) maintain that Zayn al-ʿAbidin was the older of the two, and accordingly refer to him as ʿAli al-Akbar and to his martyred brother as ʿAli al-Asqar. For many Twelver authors, the title [[Ali Asqar ibn Hussain|ʿAli al-Asqar]] refers to an infant brother who was also killed at Karbala; some of these authors maintain that Zayn al-ʿAbidin was the middle brother (hence ʿAli al-Awsat), while the eldest was ʿAli al-Shahid; others reverse the position of the two older brothers.   
ʿAli was present at the massacre of his family at [[Karbala]] in 61/680 but did not participate in the fighting, since he was ill, and thus survived the battle. Zayn al-ʿAbidin was not the only son of [[al-Hussain]] called ʿAli; another was killed at Karbala and is known as ʿAli al-Shahid. Some historians, including Ibn Saʿd, Ibn Qutayba, al-Baladhuri and al- Tabari, refer to him as ʿAli al-Akbar and to Zayn al-ʿAbidin as ʿAli al-Asqar. Others (e.g. al-Qazi al-Nuʿman) maintain that Zayn al-ʿAbidin was the older of the two, and accordingly refer to him as ʿAli al-Akbar and to his martyred brother as ʿAli al-Asqar. For many Twelver authors, the title [[ʿAli al-Asqar]] refers to an infant brother who was also killed at Karbala; some of these authors maintain that Zayn al-ʿAbidin was the middle brother (hence ʿAli al-Awsat), while the eldest was ʿAli al-Shahid; others reverse the position of the two older brothers.   


According to the battle accounts, [[Shamer b. Dhi’l-Jawshan]] wanted to kill him despite his illness but was prevented by others, including [[ʿOmar b. Saʿd]]. When he was led as a prisoner before [[Obayd-Allah Ibn Ziad|ʿObayd-Allah b. Ziad]] in [[Kufa]], the latter ordered his execution but left him alive at the entreaty of his aunt, [[Zaynab]]. He was taken with the women to [[Yazid]] in Damascus, and he sent them back to Medina.
According to the battle accounts, [[Shamer b. Dhi’l-Jawshan]] wanted to kill him despite his illness but was prevented by others, including [[ʿOmar b. Saʿd]]. When he was led as a prisoner before [[ʿObayd-Allah b. Ziad]] in [[Kufa]], the latter ordered his execution but left him alive at the entreaty of his aunt, [[Zaynab]]. He was taken with the women to [[Yazid]] in Damascus, and he sent them back to Medina.


==The Aftermath of Karbala==
==The Aftermath of Karbala==
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A number of short texts are ascribed to Zayn al-ʿAbidin, including a certain al-Sahifa fi ’l-zuhd.<ref>Kulini, Kafi , viii, 14-7</ref> He is also credited with a Risalat al-Ḥuquq , preserved (in two versions) in two 4th/10th century works: Ibn Babawayh’s al-Khisal <ref>Najaf 1391/1971, 529-36</ref> and Ibn Shuʿba’s Tuhaf al-ʿuqul.<ref>Beirut 1394/1974, 184-95</ref> ʿAli’s collection of prayers known as al-Sahifa al-kamila or al-Sahifa [ al-kamila ] al-sajjadiyya gained wide popularity; there are numerous redactions and over twenty commentaries, and it was translated into Persian in the Safavid period. Fifteen “whispered prayers” (munajat) ascribed to Zayn al-ʿAbidin have been added to several modern editions of the Sahifa: an English translation of the entire work is now available.<ref>Imam Zayn al-ʿAbidin ʿAli b. al-Hussain, The Psalms of Islam: al-Sahifat al-kamilat al-sajjadiyya , tr. with an introd. and annotation by W.C. Chittick, London 1988</ref>
A number of short texts are ascribed to Zayn al-ʿAbidin, including a certain al-Sahifa fi ’l-zuhd.<ref>Kulini, Kafi , viii, 14-7</ref> He is also credited with a Risalat al-Ḥuquq , preserved (in two versions) in two 4th/10th century works: Ibn Babawayh’s al-Khisal <ref>Najaf 1391/1971, 529-36</ref> and Ibn Shuʿba’s Tuhaf al-ʿuqul.<ref>Beirut 1394/1974, 184-95</ref> ʿAli’s collection of prayers known as al-Sahifa al-kamila or al-Sahifa [ al-kamila ] al-sajjadiyya gained wide popularity; there are numerous redactions and over twenty commentaries, and it was translated into Persian in the Safavid period. Fifteen “whispered prayers” (munajat) ascribed to Zayn al-ʿAbidin have been added to several modern editions of the Sahifa: an English translation of the entire work is now available.<ref>Imam Zayn al-ʿAbidin ʿAli b. al-Hussain, The Psalms of Islam: al-Sahifat al-kamilat al-sajjadiyya , tr. with an introd. and annotation by W.C. Chittick, London 1988</ref>


==References==
{{reflist|30em}}
==Sources==
==Sources==


*[https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/zayn-al-abidin-SIM_8144 Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition]
*[https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/zayn-al-abidin-SIM_8144 Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition]
*[http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ali-b-hosayn-b-ali Encyclopædia Iranica]
*[http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ali-b-hosayn-b-ali Encyclopædia Iranica]
==References==


[[Category:Individuals]]
[[Category:Individuals]]
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