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Hussainiya: Difference between revisions
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{|class="wikitable" align="right" | {| class="wikitable" align="right" | ||
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! colspan="2" align="center" bgcolor="#CCCCCC" | '''Hussainiya''' | ! colspan="2" align="center" bgcolor="#CCCCCC" |'''Hussainiya''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan="2" align="center" | [[File:Hosayniyya in yazd.jpg|250px]] <br/>''Hussainia in yazd, iran'' | | colspan="2" align="center" |[[File:Hosayniyya in yazd.jpg|250px]] <br />''Hussainia in yazd, iran'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan="1" align="left" | '''Arabic (العربیة)''' | | colspan="1" align="left" |'''Arabic (العربیة)''' | ||
| colspan="1" align="right" | حسینیة (''ḥussainiā'') <br/> مأتم (''ma'tam'') | | colspan="1" align="right" |حسینیة (''ḥussainiā'') <br /> مأتم (''ma'tam'') | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan="1" align="left" | '''Hindi (हिंदी)''' | | colspan="1" align="left" |'''Hindi (हिंदी)''' | ||
| colspan="1" align="right" | | | colspan="1" align="right" |इमामबाड़ा (''imāmbāṛā'') <br /> | ||
आशुरख़ाना (''āshur<u>kh</u>ānā'') | आशुरख़ाना (''āshur<u>kh</u>ānā'') | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan="1" align="left" | '''Bengali (বাংলা)''' | | colspan="1" align="left" |'''Bengali (বাংলা)''' | ||
| colspan="1" align="right" | ইমামবাড়া (''imambaṛa'') | | colspan="1" align="right" |ইমামবাড়া (''imambaṛa'') | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan="1" align="left" | '''Persian (فارسى)''' | | colspan="1" align="left" |'''Persian (فارسى)''' | ||
| colspan="1" align="right" | حسینیه (''ḥoseyniye'') | | colspan="1" align="right" |حسینیه (''ḥoseyniye'') | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan="1" align="left" | '''Urdu ({{Nastaliq|اُردوُ}})''' | | colspan="1" align="left" |'''Urdu ({{Nastaliq|اُردوُ}})''' | ||
| colspan="1" align="right" | {{Nastaliq|امامباڑا}} (''imāmbāṛā'') <br/> {{Nastaliq|امامبارگاہ}} (''imāmbārgāh'') <br/> {{Nastaliq|عاشور خانہ}} (''āshurxānā'') <br/> {{Nastaliq|حسینیہ}} (''huseyniya'') | | colspan="1" align="right" |{{Nastaliq|امامباڑا}} (''imāmbāṛā'') <br /> {{Nastaliq|امامبارگاہ}} (''imāmbārgāh'') <br /> {{Nastaliq|عاشور خانہ}} (''āshurxānā'') <br /> {{Nastaliq|حسینیہ}} (''huseyniya'') | ||
|} | |} | ||
'''Hussainiya''' is a rather recent name for public buildings in Iran, Iraq and Lebanon that are used by the [[Shi'a]] for mourning ceremonies, especially during the months of [[Muharram]] and Safar (the first two months in the Muslim calender) wherein the [[martyrdom]] of [[Hussain b. Ali]], grandson of the Prophet, is mourned. Hussainiyas are mainly of austere architecture and generally built according to a similar design as that of a karvansara. “Their basic requirement is a large amount of space, open or covered, in which to perform the Muharram ceremonies, and lodgings for visiting participants. Thus, the lodgings are built around a courtyard (maydan), which contains the stage, in the form of a square or circular platform (saku)”. <ref>[http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/%E1%B8%A4OSAYNIYA “Hosayniya”. Encyclopedia Iranica. March 23, 2012. Retrieved 9 March 2009].</ref> | '''Hussainiya''' is a rather recent name for public buildings in Iran, Iraq and Lebanon that are used by the [[Shiʿa|Shi'a]] for mourning ceremonies, especially during the months of [[Muharram]] and Safar (the first two months in the Muslim calender) wherein the [[martyrdom]] of [[Hussain ibn Ali|Hussain b. Ali]], grandson of the Prophet, is mourned. Hussainiyas are mainly of austere architecture and generally built according to a similar design as that of a karvansara. “Their basic requirement is a large amount of space, open or covered, in which to perform the Muharram ceremonies, and lodgings for visiting participants. Thus, the lodgings are built around a courtyard (maydan), which contains the stage, in the form of a square or circular platform (saku)”. <ref>[http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/%E1%B8%A4OSAYNIYA “Hosayniya”. Encyclopedia Iranica. March 23, 2012. Retrieved 9 March 2009].</ref> | ||
==Historical Development== | ==Historical Development== | ||
Although mourning ceremonies have been common since the [http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/buyids Buyids] era, no definite date can be set for the emergence of the name hussainiya before the last part of eighteenth century. Until that time these ceremonies were held in royal palatial halls, spacious houses, in streets, and open spaces. Apparently, from the second half of the [http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/safavids Safavid] era the [[tekkeyyeh]] and khaneqa (also khanakha), buildings that originally served as establishments of the dervishes, were gradually transformed into Hussainiyas, often assuming this name from the latter part of the [http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/zand-dynasty Zand] and early [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Qajar-dynasty Qajar] periods onward. | Although mourning ceremonies have been common since the [http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/buyids Buyids] era, no definite date can be set for the emergence of the name hussainiya before the last part of eighteenth century. Until that time these ceremonies were held in royal palatial halls, spacious houses, in streets, and open spaces. Apparently, from the second half of the [http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/safavids Safavid] era the [[tekkeyyeh]] and khaneqa (also khanakha), buildings that originally served as establishments of the dervishes, were gradually transformed into Hussainiyas, often assuming this name from the latter part of the [http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/zand-dynasty Zand] and early [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Qajar-dynasty Qajar] periods onward. | ||
Starting in the mid-1950s, buildings serving similar religious purposes have been named after other imams and [[Shi'ite]] saints. For instance, in 1996 there were 1358 hussainiya, 148 tekkiyeh, 34 fatimiyya, 32 [[mahdiyya]], and 57 zainabiyya in the Khorasan province. Scores of such buildings built during the last few decades of the twentieth century in the city of [https://www.britannica.com/place/Mashhad Mashhad] bear such names as sajjadiyya, baqiriyya, sadiqiyya, kazimiyya, radawiyya, jawwadiyya, naqawiyya, faskariyya, mahdiyya, fatimiyya, nargisiyya, and zaynabiyya. | Starting in the mid-1950s, buildings serving similar religious purposes have been named after other imams and [[Shiʿa|Shi'ite]] saints. For instance, in 1996 there were 1358 hussainiya, 148 tekkiyeh, 34 fatimiyya, 32 [[mahdiyya]], and 57 zainabiyya in the Khorasan province. Scores of such buildings built during the last few decades of the twentieth century in the city of [https://www.britannica.com/place/Mashhad Mashhad] bear such names as sajjadiyya, baqiriyya, sadiqiyya, kazimiyya, radawiyya, jawwadiyya, naqawiyya, faskariyya, mahdiyya, fatimiyya, nargisiyya, and zaynabiyya. | ||
Apparently, the religious influence of the Safavid era (1501-1736) led to the building of the ashurkhanas of the Deccan during the reign of the [[Shi'ite]] [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Qutb-Shahi-dynastyQutb-shahi] dynasty, and Mir Muhammad Mu'min Astarabadi (d. 1625), an eminent religious and political figure, is known to have built several of them in and around the city of Hyderabad, establishing a tradition that later spread to the north and other parts of India. The magnificent imambara of Asaf ad-Dawlah at Lucknow is perhaps the most impressive of this kind of structures ever built. <ref>Rasool Ja’fariyan (2004). “taʿziya”. Encyclopedia of Islam and Muslim World (ed. Richard Martin). New York: Macmillan.</ref> | Apparently, the religious influence of the Safavid era (1501-1736) led to the building of the ashurkhanas of the Deccan during the reign of the [[Shiʿa|Shi'ite]] [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Qutb-Shahi-dynastyQutb-shahi] dynasty, and Mir Muhammad Mu'min Astarabadi (d. 1625), an eminent religious and political figure, is known to have built several of them in and around the city of Hyderabad, establishing a tradition that later spread to the north and other parts of India. The magnificent imambara of Asaf ad-Dawlah at Lucknow is perhaps the most impressive of this kind of structures ever built. <ref>Rasool Ja’fariyan (2004). “taʿziya”. Encyclopedia of Islam and Muslim World (ed. Richard Martin). New York: Macmillan.</ref> | ||
==Different Variation== | ==Different Variation== | ||
The idea of building a special permeant place for Ashura rituals gradually spread far beyond Iran and Iraq to other Shi’i communities. As a result of its growing popularity and also adaptation to different Shi’i localities and cultures, it turn out to be known under various names, such as Takiya (place of piety), and Zaynabiyya (in honor of Hussayn’s sister, Zaynab) in Iran; Matam (funeral house) in Bahrain and Oman; and [[Imambareh]] (enclosure of the Imam), Imambargah (Imam building), Azakhana (mourning house), Ashurkhana (Ashura house), and Taaziyakhana (condolence house) in India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan. <ref>[https://www.amazon.com/Encyclopedia-Islam-World-Religions/dp/0816077452 “Hosayniya”. Encyclopedia of Islam (2009), ed. Juan E. Campo. New York: Checkmark Books] </ref> | The idea of building a special permeant place for Ashura rituals gradually spread far beyond Iran and Iraq to other Shi’i communities. As a result of its growing popularity and also adaptation to different Shi’i localities and cultures, it turn out to be known under various names, such as Takiya (place of piety), and Zaynabiyya (in honor of Hussayn’s sister, Zaynab) in Iran; Matam (funeral house) in Bahrain and Oman; and [[Imambareh]] (enclosure of the Imam), Imambargah (Imam building), Azakhana (mourning house), Ashurkhana (Ashura house), and Taaziyakhana (condolence house) in India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan. <ref>[https://www.amazon.com/Encyclopedia-Islam-World-Religions/dp/0816077452 “Hosayniya”. Encyclopedia of Islam (2009), ed. Juan E. Campo. New York: Checkmark Books] </ref> | ||
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The recent transformation of hussainiya into political focal points occurred in Iran during the constitutional revolution of 1905-11, a tendency which was later revived by opponents to the rule of Pahlavi. The most significant one is the hussainiya-e Irshad, founded in 1965 in Tehran. It engaged both Ulama and Laity alike and featured the lectures of [[Ali Shari'ati]] whose revolutionary interpretation of Shi’i Islam evoked many Iranians against the Pahlavi Monarchy. <ref>[http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/%E1%B8%A4OSAYNIYA “Hosayniya”. Encyclopedia Iranica. March 23, 2012. Retrieved 9 March 2009.]</ref> | The recent transformation of hussainiya into political focal points occurred in Iran during the constitutional revolution of 1905-11, a tendency which was later revived by opponents to the rule of Pahlavi. The most significant one is the hussainiya-e Irshad, founded in 1965 in Tehran. It engaged both Ulama and Laity alike and featured the lectures of [[Ali Shari'ati]] whose revolutionary interpretation of Shi’i Islam evoked many Iranians against the Pahlavi Monarchy. <ref>[http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/%E1%B8%A4OSAYNIYA “Hosayniya”. Encyclopedia Iranica. March 23, 2012. Retrieved 9 March 2009.]</ref> | ||
==List of Famous hussainiya== | ==List of Famous hussainiya== | ||
1- [[hussainiya-e Mushir]] | 1- [[Hussainiya-ye Moshir|hussainiya-e Mushir]] | ||
2- [[hussainiya-e Irshad]] | 2- [[hussainiya-e Irshad]] | ||
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[[Category: Islamic Architecture]] | [[Category: Islamic Architecture]] | ||
[[Category: Shi’a Islam]] | [[Category: Shi’a Islam]] | ||
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