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'''Muharram,''' the first month of the Islamic year, is the focus of annual lamentation rituals performed especially by [[Shi’a]] Muslims in honor of [[Husayn b. Ali]], the prophet [[Muhammad]]'s grandson, who was martyred on 10th of Muharram, known as [[Ashura]], in the [[battle of Karbala]]. Both in pre-Islamic and Islamic cultures, Muharram is considered a sacred month. It is named Muharram (forbidden) because warfare is forbidden in this month. | '''Muharram,''' the first month of the Islamic year, is the focus of annual lamentation rituals performed especially by [[Shi’a]] Muslims in honor of [[Husayn b. Ali]], the prophet [[Muhammad]]'s grandson, who was martyred on 10th of Muharram, known as [[Ashura]], in the [[battle of Karbala]]. Both in pre-Islamic and Islamic cultures, Muharram is considered a sacred month. It is named Muharram (forbidden) because warfare is forbidden in this month. | ||
==Origins in Pre-Islamic Calendar== | ==Origins in Pre-Islamic Calendar== | ||
The name, Muharram, is originally not a proper name but an adjective qualifying [[Safar]]. In the pre-Islamic period, the first two months of the old Meccan year were Safar [q.v.] I and II, which is reflected in the dual a potiori of al- | The name, Muharram, is originally not a proper name but an adjective qualifying [[Safar]]. In the pre-Islamic period, the first two months of the old Meccan year were Safar [q.v.] I and II, which is reflected in the dual a potiori of al-Safaran for al-Muharram and Safar; in the old Arab year, the first half year consisted of “Three months of two months each” (Wellhausen), as the two Safars were followed by two Rabiʿs and two Jumadas. <ref>[https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/al-muharram-SIM_5426. brill]</ref> The pre-Islamic Arabs held the lunar month of Muharram to be sacred during which warfare is forbidden. | ||
==Month of Mourning== | ==Month of Mourning== | ||
All Muslims consider Muharram to be a sacred period, but it is the Shiʿa who have attached special significance to this month. For the Shiʿa, Muharram is a time to commemorate the [[martyrdom]] of the third Imam, Husayn ibn ʿAli, who was killed on the tenth day of the month ([[Ashura]]), at the battle of Karbala, Iraq, in 680 CE. The ritualized remembrance of Imam Husayn, his family, and his loyal supporters, who sacrificed their lives for the cause of Islam, extends far beyond Muharram to the months of Safar and al-Rabiʿ al-Awwal. These days of mourning (ayyam-e ʿaza) are a time for the Shiʿa to collectively remember and mourn Imam Husayn’s sacrifice and martyrdom, as well as to publicly affirm their loyalty to the family of the Prophet Muhammad ([[Ahl-e Bayt]]) and Islam. Over time, Muharram has come to refer to the collectivity of rituals performed to invoke Imam Husayn’s suffering and sacrifice, as well as to maintain the immediacy of Karbala in the Shiʿi collective conscience. <ref>[https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0136.xml#obo-9780195390155-0136-div1-0013.%20oxford%20bibliographies oxford bibliographies]</ref> | All Muslims consider Muharram to be a sacred period, but it is the Shiʿa who have attached special significance to this month. For the Shiʿa, Muharram is a time to commemorate the [[martyrdom]] of the third <nowiki>[[Imam]]</nowiki>, Husayn ibn ʿAli, who was killed on the tenth day of the month ([[Ashura]]), at the battle of Karbala, Iraq, in 680 CE. The ritualized remembrance of Imam Husayn, his family, and his loyal supporters, who sacrificed their lives for the cause of Islam, extends far beyond Muharram to the months of Safar and al-Rabiʿ al-Awwal. These days of mourning (ayyam-e ʿaza) are a time for the Shiʿa to collectively remember and mourn Imam Husayn’s sacrifice and martyrdom, as well as to publicly affirm their loyalty to the family of the Prophet Muhammad ([[Ahl-e Bayt]]) and Islam. Over time, Muharram has come to refer to the collectivity of rituals performed to invoke Imam Husayn’s suffering and sacrifice, as well as to maintain the immediacy of Karbala in the Shiʿi collective conscience. <ref>[https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0136.xml#obo-9780195390155-0136-div1-0013.%20oxford%20bibliographies oxford bibliographies]</ref> | ||
Muharram is also important in the Sunni tradition, and the ninth and tenth days are days of fasting commemorating when Noah left the ark and when Moses was saved in Egypt. In many parts of the Islamic world, including South Asia and South Africa, Sunnis also participate in Muharram mourning rituals for Imam Husayn and his family, which is considered a way of paying respects to the Prophet Muhammad. Likewise, Muharram has been an occasion for Sunni-Shiʿi violence in places such as Pakistan and Iraq, and for Hindu-Muslim violence in India. <ref>[https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0136.xml#obo-9780195390155-0136-div1-0013. oxford bibliographies]</ref> | Muharram is also important in the Sunni tradition, and the ninth and tenth days are days of fasting commemorating when Noah left the ark and when Moses was saved in Egypt. In many parts of the Islamic world, including South Asia and South Africa, Sunnis also participate in Muharram mourning rituals for Imam Husayn and his family, which is considered a way of paying respects to the Prophet Muhammad. Likewise, Muharram has been an occasion for Sunni-Shiʿi violence in places such as Pakistan and Iraq, and for Hindu-Muslim violence in India. <ref>[https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0136.xml#obo-9780195390155-0136-div1-0013. oxford bibliographies]</ref> | ||
==Mourning Rituals in Muharram== | ==Mourning Rituals in Muharram== | ||