Horr B. Yazid al-Riahi al-Yarbuʾi al-Tamimi
| Horr B. Yazid al-Riahi al-Yarbuʾi al-Tamimi | |
|---|---|
| File:حرم حر بن یزید ریاحی.jpg Shrine of al-Hurr | |
| Full Name | Al-Hurr b. Yazid al-Riyahi |
| Companion of | Husayn b. ʿAli |
| Lineage | Tamim |
| Place(s) of Residence | Kufa |
| Death/Martyrdom | 61/680 |
| Cause ofDeath/Martyrdom | Martyred in the Event of Ashura |
| Burial Place | Karbala, Iraq |
HORR-E RIAHI AL-HORR B. YAZID al-Riahi al-Yarbuʾi al-Tamimi (d. 61/ 680), a leading tribesman in Kufa, who obeyed the orders of ʿUbayd-Allah b. Ziad by intercepting Husayn b. ʿAli and his party and leading them to Karbala, but later repented and fought on Husayn’s side which led to Horr’s martyrdom on the 10th of Muharram, Ashura. He is regarded as the symbol of hope in repentance which ensures his salvation.
Encounter with Imam Husayn
The first meeting between Horr and Imam Husayn was not hostile. However, Horr pressed upon Husayn to change his course and follow him, even after the latter had informed him of the letters of support, he had received from the Kufans, towards whom his party was heading. Horr further obeyed Ibn-e Ziad’s subsequent order to force the rebels to stop in a deserted area. Thus, Husayn was led to the plain of Karbala, where he was encircled by the troops dispatched by Ibn-e Ziad under the command of ʿOmar b. Saʿd. Once the latter had rejected Husayn’s final proposals and decided to fight him on the morning of Ashura, 10 Muharram 61/10 October 680, Horr then repented and joined Husayn, who promised him God’s forgiveness.
Horr’s Martyrdom
According to most historians, many men from Husayn’s side were killed before Horr (see, e.g., Ṭabari, II, p. 350; tr. I. K. A. Howard, XIX, p. 144). However, Horr’s own words when he rallied behind Husayn imply that he might have been the first to be killed at Karbala. Shiʿite tradition has retained this sequence of events, apparently derived from the work of Shaykh al-Mofid, who does not mention anyone having been killed before Horr, except Muslim b. ʿAwsaja (tr. Howard, 1981, pp. 356 f.). In Turco-Persian maqtal-nama narratives of the drama of Karbala, which were used extensively by Kashefi for his Rawzat al-Shuhada (see Calmard, 1996, p. 155), after having killed many enemies, Horr became the first martyr of the battle. His martyrdom was followed by those of his brother, Moṣʿab b. Yazid, his son ʿAli, and the latter’s slave (Kashefi, pp. 277 ff.; see Calmard, 1975, pp. 351 ff.).
Legacy
Horr’s courageous rallying behind Husayn and sacrificing himself to his cause are widely celebrated in Moharram rituals and related popular literature, such as marthias (elegies), nawḥas (dirges), and taʿzias (religious dramas). Many scenes dedicated to Horr are included in taʿzia collections, particularly in the Cerulli version (see Rossi and Bombaci, 1961, Index).
Bibliography
- M. Ayoub, Redemptive Suffering in Islam, The Hague, 1978, Index.
- J. Calmard, “Le Culte de l’Imam Husayn. Etude sur la commémoration du drame de Karbala dans l’Iran pré-safavide,” Ph.D. diss., University of Paris (Sorbonne), 1975.
- Idem, “Shií Rituals and Power, II. The Consolidation of Safavid Shi’ism: Folklore and Popular Religion,” in C. Melville, ed., SafavidPersia, Cambridge, 1996, pp. 139-90.
- P. J. Chelkowski, ed., Taʿziyeh: Ritual and Drama in Iran, New York, 1979, index. Ṣ. Homāyuni, Taʿzia dar Irān, Shiraz, 1368 Š./1989, Index.
- HusaynWāʿeẓ Kāšefi, Rawżat al-šohadāʾ, ed. M. Ramażāni, Tehran, 1341 Š./1962.
- M. J. Kister, “al-Ḥurr b. Yazīd,” in EI2. Šayḵ al-Mofid, al-Eršād, tr. I. K. A. Howard, Kitāb al-Iršād: The Book of Guidance in the Livesof the Twelve Imams, London, 1981, Index.
- Mostawfi, Šarḥ-e zendagāni. E. Rossi and A. Bombaci, Elenco di drammi religiosipersiani (fondo mss. Vaticani Cerulli), Vatican City, 1961, Index.
- P. Ṣayyād, Matn-e taʿzia-e Ḥorr, mansub be-Moṣṭafā Kāšāni (Mir ʿAzā), Tehran, 1350 Š./1971.
- Ṭabari, II, index; Ṭabari tr., XIX, index. L. Veccia Vaglieri, “al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib,” in EI². (Jean Calmard)