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Du’l-Janah was mentioned in medieval narratives of Husayn’s [[martyrdom]] at [[Karbala]] ([[maqatel]]), for example, [https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/ibn-atham-al-kufi-COM_30716 Ibn Aʿtham Kufi]’s 9th-century Ketab al-fotuh and al-Lohuf by Ibn Taʾus Taʾusi (d. 664/1266), which became sources for later Turkish and Persian [[maqtal-namas]]. In al-Lohuf the horse, unnamed but said to be descended from the Prophet [[Muhammad]]’s mount, is supposed to have dipped its head in its master’s blood and attacked the enemy. It then returned, smeared with Husayn’s blood, to the tents of the [[Ahl-e Bayt]]. As it approached, Husayn’s infant daughter [[Sukayna]] began to cry, joined by the other women in the family (pp. 98-99; cf. Calmard, p. 120). The Turkish Dastan-e maqatel-e Husayn (763/1362) by Shadi Maddah contains a similar account but includes the name Du’l-Janah (Mélikoff, p. 142; Calmard, pp. 225-26). Husayn Waʿez Kashefi, in [[Rawzat al-Shuhada]] (comp. 908/1502), recounted a detailed story, partly based on Ibn Aʿtham’s text, in which Du’l-Janah, instead of behaving aggressively, weeps (p. 363; cf. Calmard, p. 396; Ebn Aʿtam, tr., pp. 538-39). According to various traditions, Du’l-Janah eventually killed itself or disappeared into the desert (Waʿez Kashefi, p. 349). | Du’l-Janah was mentioned in medieval narratives of Husayn’s [[martyrdom]] at [[Karbala]] ([[maqatel]]), for example, [https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/ibn-atham-al-kufi-COM_30716 Ibn Aʿtham Kufi]’s 9th-century Ketab al-fotuh and al-Lohuf by Ibn Taʾus Taʾusi (d. 664/1266), which became sources for later Turkish and Persian [[maqtal-namas]]. In al-Lohuf the horse, unnamed but said to be descended from the Prophet [[Muhammad]]’s mount, is supposed to have dipped its head in its master’s blood and attacked the enemy. It then returned, smeared with Husayn’s blood, to the tents of the [[Ahl-e Bayt]]. As it approached, Husayn’s infant daughter [[Sukayna]] began to cry, joined by the other women in the family (pp. 98-99; cf. Calmard, p. 120). The Turkish Dastan-e maqatel-e Husayn (763/1362) by Shadi Maddah contains a similar account but includes the name Du’l-Janah (Mélikoff, p. 142; Calmard, pp. 225-26). Husayn Waʿez Kashefi, in [[Rawzat al-Shuhada]] (comp. 908/1502), recounted a detailed story, partly based on Ibn Aʿtham’s text, in which Du’l-Janah, instead of behaving aggressively, weeps (p. 363; cf. Calmard, p. 396; Ebn Aʿtam, tr., pp. 538-39). According to various traditions, Du’l-Janah eventually killed itself or disappeared into the desert (Waʿez Kashefi, p. 349). | ||
==Du’l-Janah in Ta’ziya== | ==Du’l-Janah in Ta’ziya== | ||
At least from Safavid times, representations of Husayn’s horse were led in the processions and pageants that developed into [[taʿziya]] performances of the [[martyrdom]] of Husayn. This “nationalist” tradition also found its way into the literature of such plays (Pelly, II, p. 173; Calmard, p. 396). Du’l-Janah appears in various other taʿziya episodes, for example, [[Qasim b. Hasan]]’s marriage at Karbala: Husayn orders the horse brought to his daughter [[Fatima]], who rides it to the bridal chamber (Humayuni, p. 14). Du’l-Janah was also represented in [[Muharram]] processions in India (Pelly, I, p. xxii) and is still included at Lucknow, Delhi, and probably elsewhere (Jaffri, pp. 224-25). | At least from Safavid times, representations of Husayn’s horse were led in the processions and pageants that developed into [[Ta'ziya|taʿziya]] performances of the [[martyrdom]] of Husayn. This “nationalist” tradition also found its way into the literature of such plays (Pelly, II, p. 173; Calmard, p. 396). Du’l-Janah appears in various other taʿziya episodes, for example, [[Qasim b. Hasan]]’s marriage at Karbala: Husayn orders the horse brought to his daughter [[Fatima]], who rides it to the bridal chamber (Humayuni, p. 14). Du’l-Janah was also represented in [[Muharram]] processions in India (Pelly, I, p. xxii) and is still included at Lucknow, Delhi, and probably elsewhere (Jaffri, pp. 224-25). | ||
==Bibliography== | ==Bibliography== | ||
* Ebn Aʿṯam Kūfī, Ketāb al-fotūhá, partial tr. Moḥammad b. Aḥmad Mostawfī Heravī [596/1199], Bombay, 1300/1882. | *J. Calmard, Le culte de l’Imām Ḥusayn. Étude sur la commémoration du drame de Karbalā dans l’Iran pré-safavide, Ph.D. diss., Université de Paris III (Sorbonne), 1975. | ||
*Ebn Aʿṯam Kūfī, Ketāb al-fotūhá, partial tr. Moḥammad b. Aḥmad Mostawfī Heravī [596/1199], Bombay, 1300/1882. | |||
* Ebn Ṭāʾūs Ṭāʾūsī, al-Loḥūf, tr. F. Wüstenfeld as Der Tod des Ḥusein ben Ali und die Rache, Göttingen, 1883. | *Ebn Ṭāʾūs Ṭāʾūsī, al-Loḥūf, tr. F. Wüstenfeld as Der Tod des Ḥusein ben Ali und die Rache, Göttingen, 1883. | ||
* S. Humayuni, “An Analysis of the Taʿziyeh of Qāsem,” in P. Chelkowski, ed., Taʿziyeh. Ritual and Drama in Iran, New York, 1979, pp. 12-23. | *S. Humayuni, “An Analysis of the Taʿziyeh of Qāsem,” in P. Chelkowski, ed., Taʿziyeh. Ritual and Drama in Iran, New York, 1979, pp. 12-23. | ||
* S. H. A. Jaffri, “Muharram Ceremonies in India,” in P. Chelkowski, ed., Taʿziyeh. Ritual and Drama in Iran, New York, 1979, pp. 222-27. | *S. H. A. Jaffri, “Muharram Ceremonies in India,” in P. Chelkowski, ed., Taʿziyeh. Ritual and Drama in Iran, New York, 1979, pp. 222-27. | ||
* I. Mélikoff, “Le drame de Kerbelâ dans la littérature épique turque,” REI 34, 1966, pp. 133-48. | *I. Mélikoff, “Le drame de Kerbelâ dans la littérature épique turque,” REI 34, 1966, pp. 133-48. | ||
* L. Pelly, The Miracle Play of Hasan and Husain, 2 vols., London, 1879. | *L. Pelly, The Miracle Play of Hasan and Husain, 2 vols., London, 1879. | ||
* Husayn Wāʿeẓ Kāšefī, Rawżat al-šohadāʾ . . ., ed. M. Ramażānī, Tehran, 1344/1955. (Jean Calmard) Originally Published: December 15, 1996. Last Updated: December 1, 2011. This article is available in print. Vol. VII, Fasc. 6, pp. 569-570. | *Husayn Wāʿeẓ Kāšefī, Rawżat al-šohadāʾ . . ., ed. M. Ramażānī, Tehran, 1344/1955. (Jean Calmard) Originally Published: December 15, 1996. Last Updated: December 1, 2011. This article is available in print. Vol. VII, Fasc. 6, pp. 569-570. | ||
==Source== | ==Source== | ||
* [http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/dul-janah Encyclopaedia Iranica] | |||
*[http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/dul-janah Encyclopaedia Iranica] | |||
[[Category: Battel of Karbala]] | [[Category: Battel of Karbala]] | ||