Template:Infobox phosphorus

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Phosphorus,  15P
Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-top-image-alt
General properties
PronunciationTemplate:Infobox element/pronunciation
AppearanceColourless, waxy white, yellow, scarlet, red, violet, black
Standard atomic weight (Ar, standard)Template:Infobox element/standard atomic weight
Mass numberTemplate:Infobox element/symbol-to-most-stable-isotope (most stable isotope)
Abundance
in the Earth's crust5.2 (taking silicon as 100)
Phosphorus in the periodic table
Template:Infobox element/periodic table
Atomic number (Z)15
GroupTemplate:Infobox element/group
Periodperiod 3
Blockp-block
Element categoryTemplate:Infobox element/category format
Electron configuration[Ne] 3s2 3p3
Electrons per shell
2, 8, 5
Physical properties
Phase at STPsolid
Melting pointwhite: 317.3 K ​(44.15 °C, ​111.5 °F)
red: ∼860 K (∼590 °C, ∼1090 °F)[1]
Boiling pointwhite: 553.7 K ​(280.5 °C, ​536.9 °F)
Density (near r.t.)white: 1.823 g/cm3
red: ≈2.2–2.34 g/cm3
violet: 2.36 g/cm3
black: 2.69 g/cm3
Heat of fusionwhite: 0.66 kJ/mol
[[Enthalpy of vaporization|Heat of Template:Engvar]]white: 51.9 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacitywhite: 23.824 J/(mol·K)
[[Vapor pressure|Template:Engvar pressure]] (white)
Template:Engvar pressure (red, b.p. 431 °C)
Atomic properties
Oxidation statesTemplate:Infobox element/symbol-to-oxidation-state
ElectronegativityPauling scale: 2.19
[[Ionization energy|Template:Engvar energies]]
  • 1st: 1011.8 kJ/mol
  • 2nd: 1907 kJ/mol
  • 3rd: 2914.1 kJ/mol
  • (more)
Covalent radius107±3 pm
Van der Waals radius180 pm
Template:Infobox element/spectral lines
Other properties
Crystal structureTemplate:Infobox element/crystal structure
Thermal conductivitywhite: 0.236 W/(m·K)
black: 12.1 W/(m·K)
Magnetic orderingwhite, red, violet, black: diamagnetic[2]
Magnetic susceptibility−20.8·10−6 cm3/mol (293 K)[3]
Bulk moduluswhite: 5 GPa
red: 11 GPa
CAS Number7723-14-0 (red)
12185-10-3 (white)
History
DiscoveryHennig Brand (1669)
Recognised as an element byAntoine Lavoisier[4] (1777)
Main isotopes of phosphorus
Template:Infobox element/isotopes table
| references

Template:Infobox element/element navigation Template:Template reference list One of these is a named reference. It may be cited in the containing article as

  • <ref name="CIAAW2016" /> for the source Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (from subtemplates used by {{Infobox element}})

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  1. "Phosphorus: Chemical Element". Encyclopaedia Britannica.
  2. Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). "Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds". CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (PDF) (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5.
  3. Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.
  4. cf. "Memoir on Combustion in General" Mémoires de l'Académie Royale des Sciences 1777, 592–600. from Henry Marshall Leicester and Herbert S. Klickstein, A Source Book in Chemistry 1400–1900 (New York: McGraw Hill, 1952)
  5. Ellis, Bobby D.; MacDonald, Charles L. B. (2006). "Phosphorus(I) Iodide: A Versatile Metathesis Reagent for the Synthesis of Low Oxidation State Phosphorus Compounds". Inorganic Chemistry. 45 (17): 6864–74. doi:10.1021/ic060186o. PMID 16903744.