Template:Infobox phosphorus
 | |
| General properties | |
|---|---|
| Pronunciation | Template:Infobox element/pronunciation |
| Appearance | Colourless, waxy white, yellow, scarlet, red, violet, black |
| Standard atomic weight (Ar, standard) | Template:Infobox element/standard atomic weight |
| Mass number | Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-most-stable-isotope (most stable isotope) |
| Abundance | |
| in the Earth's crust | 5.2 (taking silicon as 100) |
| Phosphorus in the periodic table | |
| Template:Infobox element/periodic table | |
| Atomic number (Z) | 15 |
| Group | Template:Infobox element/group |
| Period | period 3 |
| Block | p-block |
| Element category | Template:Infobox element/category format |
| Electron configuration | [Ne] 3s2 3p3 |
Electrons per shell | 2, 8, 5 |
| Physical properties | |
| Phase at STP | solid |
| Melting point | white: 317.3 K (44.15 °C, 111.5 °F) red: ∼860 K (∼590 °C, ∼1090 °F)[1] |
| Boiling point | white: 553.7 K (280.5 °C, 536.9 °F) |
| Density (near r.t.) | white: 1.823 g/cm3 red: ≈2.2–2.34 g/cm3 violet: 2.36 g/cm3 black: 2.69 g/cm3 |
| Heat of fusion | white: 0.66 kJ/mol |
| [[Enthalpy of vaporization|Heat of Template:Engvar]] | white: 51.9 kJ/mol |
| Molar heat capacity | white: 23.824 J/(mol·K) |
| [[Vapor pressure|Template:Engvar pressure]] (white) | |
| Template:Engvar pressure (red, b.p. 431 °C) | |
| Atomic properties | |
| Oxidation states | Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-oxidation-state |
| Electronegativity | Pauling scale: 2.19 |
| [[Ionization energy|Template:Engvar energies]] |
|
| Covalent radius | 107±3 pm |
| Van der Waals radius | 180 pm |
| Template:Infobox element/spectral lines | |
| Other properties | |
| Crystal structure | Template:Infobox element/crystal structure |
| Thermal conductivity | white: 0.236 W/(m·K) black: 12.1 W/(m·K) |
| Magnetic ordering | white, red, violet, black: diamagnetic[2] |
| Magnetic susceptibility | −20.8·10−6 cm3/mol (293 K)[3] |
| Bulk modulus | white: 5 GPa red: 11 GPa |
| CAS Number | 7723-14-0 (red) 12185-10-3 (white) |
| History | |
| Discovery | Hennig Brand (1669) |
| Recognised as an element by | Antoine Lavoisier[4] (1777) |
| Main isotopes of phosphorus | |
| Template:Infobox element/isotopes table | |
Template:Infobox element/element navigation Template:Template reference list One of these is a named reference. It may be cited in the containing article as
- <ref name="CIAAW2016" /> for the source Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (from subtemplates used by {{Infobox element}})
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- ↑ "Phosphorus: Chemical Element". Encyclopaedia Britannica.
- ↑ Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). "Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds". CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (PDF) (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5.
- ↑ Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.
- ↑ cf. "Memoir on Combustion in General" Mémoires de l'Académie Royale des Sciences 1777, 592–600. from Henry Marshall Leicester and Herbert S. Klickstein, A Source Book in Chemistry 1400–1900 (New York: McGraw Hill, 1952)
- ↑ Ellis, Bobby D.; MacDonald, Charles L. B. (2006). "Phosphorus(I) Iodide: A Versatile Metathesis Reagent for the Synthesis of Low Oxidation State Phosphorus Compounds". Inorganic Chemistry. 45 (17): 6864–74. doi:10.1021/ic060186o. PMID 16903744.