Template:Infobox silicon

Silicon,  14Si
Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-top-image-alt
General properties
PronunciationTemplate:Infobox element/pronunciation
Appearancecrystalline, reflective with bluish-tinged faces
Standard atomic weight (Ar, standard)Template:Infobox element/standard atomic weight
Mass numberTemplate:Infobox element/symbol-to-most-stable-isotope (most stable isotope)
Silicon in the periodic table
Template:Infobox element/periodic table
Atomic number (Z)14
GroupTemplate:Infobox element/group
Periodperiod 3
Blockp-block
Element categoryTemplate:Infobox element/category format
Electron configuration[Ne] 3s2 3p2
Electrons per shell
2, 8, 4
Physical properties
Phase at STPsolid
Melting point1687 K ​(1414 °C, ​2577 °F)
Boiling point3538 K ​(3265 °C, ​5909 °F)
Density (near r.t.)2.3290 g/cm3
when liquid (at m.p.)2.57 g/cm3
Heat of fusion50.21 kJ/mol
[[Enthalpy of vaporization|Heat of Template:Engvar]]383 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity19.789 J/(mol·K)
[[Vapor pressure|Template:Engvar pressure]]
Atomic properties
Oxidation statesTemplate:Infobox element/symbol-to-oxidation-state
ElectronegativityPauling scale: 1.90
[[Ionization energy|Template:Engvar energies]]
  • 1st: 786.5 kJ/mol
  • 2nd: 1577.1 kJ/mol
  • 3rd: 3231.6 kJ/mol
  • (more)
Atomic radiusempirical: 111 pm
Covalent radius111 pm
Van der Waals radius210 pm
Template:Infobox element/spectral lines
Other properties
Crystal structureTemplate:Infobox element/crystal structure
Speed of sound thin rod8433 m/s (at 20 °C)
Thermal expansion2.6 µm/(m·K) (at 25 °C)
Thermal conductivity149 W/(m·K)
Electrical resistivity2.3Template:E Ω·m (at 20 °C)[1]
Band gap1.12 eV (at 300 K)
Magnetic orderingdiamagnetic[2]
Magnetic susceptibility−3.9·10−6 cm3/mol (298 K)[3]
Young's modulus130–188 GPa[4]
Shear modulus51–80 GPa[4]
Bulk modulus97.6 GPa[4]
Poisson ratio0.064–0.28[4]
Mohs hardness6.5
CAS Number7440-21-3
History
Namingafter Latin 'silex' or 'silicis', meaning flint
PredictionAntoine Lavoisier (1787)
Discovery and first isolationJöns Jacob Berzelius[5][6] (1823)
Named byThomas Thomson (1817)
Main isotopes of silicon
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| references

Template:Infobox element/element navigation Template:Template reference list Two of these are named references. They may be cited in the containing article as

  • <ref name="Eranna2014" /> for the source by Eranna
  • <ref name="hopcroft" /> for the source by Hopcroft

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  1. Eranna, Golla (2014). Crystal Growth and Evaluation of Silicon for VLSI and ULSI. CRC Press. p. 7. ISBN 978-1-4822-3281-3.
  2. Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds, in Template:RubberBible86th
  3. Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.
  4. 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Hopcroft, Matthew A.; Nix, William D.; Kenny, Thomas W. (2010). "What is the Young's Modulus of Silicon?". Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems. 19 (2): 229. doi:10.1109/JMEMS.2009.2039697.
  5. Weeks, Mary Elvira (1932). "The discovery of the elements: XII. Other elements isolated with the aid of potassium and sodium: beryllium, boron, silicon, and aluminum". Journal of Chemical Education. 9 (8): 1386–1412. Bibcode:1932JChEd...9.1386W. doi:10.1021/ed009p1386.
  6. Voronkov, M. G. (2007). "Silicon era". Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry. 80 (12): 2190. doi:10.1134/S1070427207120397.
  7. Ram, R. S.; et al. (1998). "Fourier Transform Emission Spectroscopy of the A2D–X2P Transition of SiH and SiD" (PDF). J. Mol. Spectr. 190: 341–352. PMID 9668026.