Template:Infobox gallium

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Gallium,  31Ga
Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-top-image-alt
General properties
PronunciationTemplate:Infobox element/pronunciation
Appearancesilvery blue
Standard atomic weight (Ar, standard)Template:Infobox element/standard atomic weight
Mass numberTemplate:Infobox element/symbol-to-most-stable-isotope (most stable isotope)
Gallium in the periodic table
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Atomic number (Z)31
GroupTemplate:Infobox element/group
Periodperiod 4
Blockp-block
Element categoryTemplate:Infobox element/category format
Electron configuration[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1
Electrons per shell
2, 8, 18, 3
Physical properties
Phase at STPsolid
Melting point302.9146 K ​(29.7646 °C, ​85.5763 °F)
Boiling point2673 K ​(2400 °C, ​4352 °F)[1]
Density (near r.t.)5.91 g/cm3
when liquid (at m.p.)6.095 g/cm3
Heat of fusion5.59 kJ/mol
[[Enthalpy of vaporization|Heat of Template:Engvar]]256 kJ/mol[1]
Molar heat capacity25.86 J/(mol·K)
[[Vapor pressure|Template:Engvar pressure]]
Atomic properties
Oxidation statesTemplate:Infobox element/symbol-to-oxidation-state
ElectronegativityPauling scale: 1.81
[[Ionization energy|Template:Engvar energies]]
  • 1st: 578.8 kJ/mol
  • 2nd: 1979.3 kJ/mol
  • 3rd: 2963 kJ/mol
  • (more)
Atomic radiusempirical: 135 pm
Covalent radius122±3 pm
Van der Waals radius187 pm
Template:Infobox element/spectral lines
Other properties
Crystal structureTemplate:Infobox element/crystal structure
Speed of sound thin rod2740 m/s (at 20 °C)
Thermal expansion18 µm/(m·K) (at 25 °C)
Thermal conductivity40.6 W/(m·K)
Electrical resistivity270 nΩ·m (at 20 °C)
Magnetic orderingdiamagnetic
Magnetic susceptibility−21.6·10−6 cm3/mol (at 290 K)[2]
Young's modulus9.8 GPa
Poisson ratio0.47
Mohs hardness1.5
Brinell hardness56.8–68.7 MPa
CAS Number7440-55-3
History
Namingafter Gallia (Latin for: France), homeland of the discoverer
PredictionDmitri Mendeleev (1871)
Discovery and first isolationLecoq de Boisbaudran (1875)
Main isotopes of gallium
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| references

Template:Infobox element/element navigation Template:Template reference list Expression error: Unrecognized word "template".

  1. 1.0 1.1 Zhang Y; Evans JRG; Zhang S (2011). "Corrected Values for Boiling Points and Enthalpies of Vaporization of Elements in Handbooks". J. Chem. Eng. Data. 56 (2): 328–337. doi:10.1021/je1011086.
  2. Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.
  3. Hofmann, Patrick (1997). Colture. Ein Programm zur interaktiven Visualisierung von Festkörperstrukturen sowie Synthese, Struktur und Eigenschaften von binären und ternären Alkali- und Erdalkalimetallgalliden (PDF) (in Deutsch). PhD Thesis, ETH Zurich. p. 72. doi:10.3929/ethz-a-001859893. ISBN 3728125970.