Template:Infobox carbon

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Carbon,  6C
Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-top-image-alt
General properties
PronunciationTemplate:Infobox element/pronunciation
Allotropesgraphite, diamond
Appearancegraphite: black
diamond: clear
Standard atomic weight (Ar, standard)Template:Infobox element/standard atomic weight
Mass numberTemplate:Infobox element/symbol-to-most-stable-isotope (most stable isotope)
Carbon in the periodic table
Template:Infobox element/periodic table
Atomic number (Z)6
GroupTemplate:Infobox element/group
Periodperiod 2
Blockp-block
Element categoryTemplate:Infobox element/category format, sometimes considered a metalloid
Electron configuration[He] 2s2 2p2
Electrons per shell
2, 4
Physical properties
Phase at STPsolid
Sublimation point3915 K ​(3642 °C, ​6588 °F)
Density (near r.t.)amorphous: 1.8–2.1 g/cm3[1]
graphite: 2.267 g/cm3
diamond: 3.515 g/cm3
Triple point4600 K, ​10,800 kPa[2][3]
Heat of fusiongraphite: 117 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacitygraphite: 8.517 J/(mol·K)
diamond: 6.155 J/(mol·K)
Atomic properties
Oxidation statesTemplate:Infobox element/symbol-to-oxidation-state
ElectronegativityPauling scale: 2.55
[[Ionization energy|Template:Engvar energies]]
  • 1st: 1086.5 kJ/mol
  • 2nd: 2352.6 kJ/mol
  • 3rd: 4620.5 kJ/mol
  • (more)
Covalent radiussp3: 77 pm
sp2: 73 pm
sp: 69 pm
Van der Waals radius170 pm
Template:Infobox element/spectral lines
Other properties
Crystal structuregraphite: ​Template:Infobox element/crystal structure
(black)
Crystal structurediamond: ​Template:Infobox element/crystal structure
(clear)
Speed of sound thin roddiamond: 18,350 m/s (at 20 °C)
Thermal expansiondiamond: 0.8 µm/(m·K) (at 25 °C)[4]
Thermal conductivitygraphite: 119–165 W/(m·K)
diamond: 900–2300 W/(m·K)
Electrical resistivitygraphite: 7.837 µΩ·m[5]
Magnetic orderingdiamagnetic[6]
Magnetic susceptibility−5.9·10−6 (graph.) cm3/mol[7]
Young's modulusdiamond: 1050 GPa[4]
Shear modulusdiamond: 478 GPa[4]
Bulk modulusdiamond: 442 GPa[4]
Poisson ratiodiamond: 0.1[4]
Mohs hardnessgraphite: 1–2
diamond: 10
CAS Number7440-44-0
History
DiscoveryEgyptians and Sumerians[8] (3750 BCE)
Recognized as an element byAntoine Lavoisier[9] (1789)
Main isotopes of carbon
Template:Infobox element/isotopes table
| references

Template:Infobox element/element navigation Template:Template reference list Four of these are named references. They may be cited in the containing article as

  • <ref name="CRC" /> for the source CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics
  • <ref name="triple2" /> for the source by Haaland
  • <ref name="triple3" /> for the Savvatimskiy
  • <ref name="ioffe" /> for the Ioffe Institute Database

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  1. Template:RubberBible86th
  2. Haaland, D (1976). "Graphite-liquid-vapor triple point pressure and the density of liquid carbon". Carbon. 14 (6): 357. doi:10.1016/0008-6223(76)90010-5.
  3. Savvatimskiy, A (2005). "Measurements of the melting point of graphite and the properties of liquid carbon (a review for 1963–2003)". Carbon. 43 (6): 1115. doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2004.12.027.
  4. 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Properties of diamond, Ioffe Institute Database
  5. "Material Properties- Misc Materials". www.nde-ed.org. Retrieved 12 November 2016.
  6. Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 81st edition, CRC press.
  7. Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.
  8. "History of Carbon and Carbon Materials - Center for Applied Energy Research - University of Kentucky". Caer.uky.edu. Retrieved 2008-09-12.
  9. Senese, Fred (2000-09-09). "Who discovered carbon?". Frostburg State University. Retrieved 2007-11-24.
  10. Template:Citeweb
  11. Template:Citeweb
  12. Template:Citeweb