Template:Infobox thorium

Thorium, ₉₀Th
	Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-top-image-caption
General properties
Pronunciation	Template:Infobox element/pronunciation
Appearance	silvery, often with black tarnish
Standard atomic weight (Ar, standard)	Template:Infobox element/standard atomic weight
Mass number	Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-most-stable-isotope (most stable isotope)
Thorium in the periodic table
	Template:Infobox element/periodic table
Atomic number (Z)	90
Group	Template:Infobox element/group
Period	period 7
Block	f-block
Element category	Template:Infobox element/category format
Electron configuration	[Rn] 6d2 7s2
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 10, 2
Physical properties
Phase at STP	solid
Melting point	2023 K (1750 °C, 3182 °F)
Boiling point	5061 K (4788 °C, 8650 °F)
Density (near r.t.)	11.7 g/cm3
Heat of fusion	13.81 kJ/mol
[[Enthalpy of vaporization\|Heat of Template:Engvar]]	514 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	26.230 J/(mol·K)
	[[Vapor pressure\|Template:Engvar pressure]] Template:Infobox element/vapor pressure table
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-oxidation-state
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 1.3
[[Ionization energy\|Template:Engvar energies]]	1st: 587 kJ/mol ; 2nd: 1110 kJ/mol ; 3rd: 1930 kJ/mol ; ;
Atomic radius	empirical: 179.8 pm
Covalent radius	206±6 pm
	Template:Infobox element/spectral lines
Other properties
Crystal structure	Template:Infobox element/crystal structure Template:Infobox element/crystal structure
Speed of sound thin rod	2490 m/s (at 20 °C)
Thermal expansion	11.0 µm/(m·K) (at 25 °C)
Thermal conductivity	54.0 W/(m·K)
Electrical resistivity	157 nΩ·m (at 0 °C)
Magnetic ordering	paramagnetic
Magnetic susceptibility	132.0·10−6 cm3/mol (293 K)
Young's modulus	79 GPa
Shear modulus	31 GPa
Bulk modulus	54 GPa
Poisson ratio	0.27
Mohs hardness	3.0
Vickers hardness	295–685 MPa
Brinell hardness	390–1500 MPa
CAS Number	7440-29-1
History
Naming	after Thor, the Norse god of thunder
Discovery	Jöns Jakob Berzelius (1829)
Main isotopes of thorium
	Template:Infobox element/isotopes table
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Template:Infobox element/element navigation Template:Template reference list Expression error: Unrecognized word "template".

↑ Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). "Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds". CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (PDF) (86th ed.). CRC Press. pp. 4–135. ISBN 978-0-8493-0486-6.
↑ Weast, R. (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. p. E110. ISBN 978-0-8493-0464-4.
↑ Meija, J.; et al. (2016). "Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 88 (3): 265–291. doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0305.

[magnet-1] Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). "Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds". CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (PDF) (86th ed.). CRC Press. pp. 4–135. ISBN 978-0-8493-0486-6.

[2] Weast, R. (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. p. E110. ISBN 978-0-8493-0464-4.

[CIAAW2016-3] Meija, J.; et al. (2016). "Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 88 (3): 265–291. doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0305.

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