Template:Infobox silicon

Silicon,  ₁₄Si

Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-top-image-caption
General properties
Pronunciation	Template:Infobox element/pronunciation
Appearance	crystalline, reflective with bluish-tinged faces
Standard atomic weight (Ar, standard)	Template:Infobox element/standard atomic weight
Mass number	Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-most-stable-isotope (most stable isotope)
Silicon in the periodic table
Template:Infobox element/periodic table
Atomic number (Z)	14
Group	Template:Infobox element/group
Period	period 3
Block	p-block
Element category	Template:Infobox element/category format
Electron configuration	[Ne] 3s2 3p2
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 4
Physical properties
Phase at STP	solid
Melting point	1687 K ​(1414 °C, ​2577 °F)
Boiling point	3538 K ​(3265 °C, ​5909 °F)
Density (near r.t.)	2.3290 g/cm3
when liquid (at m.p.)	2.57 g/cm3
Heat of fusion	50.21 kJ/mol
[[Enthalpy of vaporization|Heat of Template:Engvar]]	383 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	19.789 J/(mol·K)
[[Vapor pressure|Template:Engvar pressure]] Template:Infobox element/vapor pressure table
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-oxidation-state
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 1.90
[[Ionization energy|Template:Engvar energies]]	1st: 786.5 kJ/mol 2nd: 1577.1 kJ/mol 3rd: 3231.6 kJ/mol (more)
Atomic radius	empirical: 111 pm
Covalent radius	111 pm
Van der Waals radius	210 pm
Template:Infobox element/spectral lines
Other properties
Crystal structure	​Template:Infobox element/crystal structure Template:Infobox element/crystal structure
Speed of sound thin rod	8433 m/s (at 20 °C)
Thermal expansion	2.6 µm/(m·K) (at 25 °C)
Thermal conductivity	149 W/(m·K)
Electrical resistivity	2.3Template:E Ω·m (at 20 °C)
Band gap	1.12 eV (at 300 K)
Magnetic ordering	diamagnetic
Magnetic susceptibility	−3.9·10−6 cm3/mol (298 K)
Young's modulus	130–188 GPa
Shear modulus	51–80 GPa
Bulk modulus	97.6 GPa
Poisson ratio	0.064–0.28
Mohs hardness	6.5
CAS Number	7440-21-3
History
Naming	after Latin 'silex' or 'silicis', meaning flint
Prediction	Antoine Lavoisier (1787)
Discovery and first isolation	Jöns Jacob Berzelius (1823)
Named by	Thomas Thomson (1817)
Main isotopes of silicon
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Template:Infobox element/element navigation Template:Template reference list Two of these are named references. They may be cited in the containing article as

• <ref name="Eranna2014" /> for the source by Eranna
• <ref name="hopcroft" /> for the source by Hopcroft