Ḥusayn ibn Alī: Difference between revisions

Al-Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī, (born January 626, Medina, Arabia [now in Saudi Arabia]—died Oct. 10, 680, Karbalāʾ, Iraq), Shīʿite Muslim hero, grandson of the Prophet Muhammad, and son of ʿAlī (the fourth Islamic caliph) and Fāṭima, daughter of Muhammad. He is revered by Shīʿite Muslims as the third imam (after ʿAlī and Ḥusayn’s older brother, Ḥasan). After the assassination of their father, ʿAlī, Ḥasan and Ḥusayn acquiesced to the rule of the first Umayyad caliph, Muʿāwiya, from whom they received pensions. Ḥusayn, however, refused to recognize the legitimacy of Muʿāwiya’s son and successor, Yazīd (April 680). Ḥusayn was then invited by the townsmen of Kūfah, a city with a Shīʿite majority, to come there and raise the standard of revolt against the Umayyads. After receiving some favourable indications, Ḥusayn set out for Kūfah with a small band of relatives and followers. According to traditional accounts, he met the poet al-Farazdaq on the way and was told that the hearts of the Iraqis were for him, but their swords were for the Umayyads. The governor of Iraq, on behalf of the caliph, sent 4,000 men to arrest Ḥusayn and his small band. They trapped Ḥusayn near the banks of the Euphrates River (October 680). When Ḥusayn refused to surrender, he and his escort were slain, and Ḥusayn’s head was sent to Yazīd in Damascus (now in Syria). In remembrance of the martyrdom of Ḥusayn, Shīʿite Muslims observe the first 10 days of Muḥarram (the date of the battle according to the Islamic calendar) as days of lamentation.<ref>[http://Encyclopædia%20Britannica https://www.britannica.com/biography/al-Husayn-ibn-Ali-Muslim-leader-and-martyr]</ref>

==Facies and  biography==

==Imamate==

According to the Shi'a, The text and divine determination is one of  essential , necessary conditions  to proof the imamate of each Imam. This text has also been entered in different ways by Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī. For example, there is a well-known hadith from the Prophet which implies  to Hasanin'sImamate.<ref>Refer to qazi numan, I, p. 37; Ibn Babawayh, 1385-1386, I, p. 211; Khazaaz Razi, p. 117; mofid, I I , p. 30.;</ref> Additionally, there have been some traditions from the Prophet, in which the number of Imams and Imamate of Imam Ali, Imam Hassan and Imam Ḥusayn, and nine of the sons of Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī were specified.<ref>Refer to Ibn Babawayh, I , p257-258.</ref> Another reason is the will of Imam Hassan about the succession of Imam Ḥusayn after him and ordering Mohammad Hanafiy to follow that pious Imam. Mofid is on it<ref>I I , p 30-31.</ref> that according to the above mentioned reasons, the imamate of Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī is proven and definitive, although Hasan did not openly invite to his imamate due to Taqiyyah and the commitment to peace and withdrawal of the conflict but after The death of Mu'awiyah and the end of the conflict period, revealed his Imamat <ref>Refer to tabarsi, I , p 423-424.</ref>. Also, Knowledge of all aspects of religion in the whole and perfect form is Imamate requirements.