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Muslim b. Aqil b. Abi Talib: Difference between revisions
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Fearful of increasing Kufan supports of Imam Husayn, [[Yazid]] appointed [[Ubayd Allah b. Ziad]] as the new governor of Kufa to frighten people and force them to leave Muslim. Finally, Muslim was arrested and executed in the day of ‘Arafa. The story of Muslim being left alone and his [[martyrdom]] in Kufa is a recurring theme of [[Rawza]] recited by the Shi'as. | Fearful of increasing Kufan supports of Imam Husayn, [[Yazid]] appointed [[Ubayd Allah b. Ziad]] as the new governor of Kufa to frighten people and force them to leave Muslim. Finally, Muslim was arrested and executed in the day of ‘Arafa. The story of Muslim being left alone and his [[martyrdom]] in Kufa is a recurring theme of [[Rawza]] recited by the Shi'as. | ||
==Birth and Life Events== | ==Birth and Life Events== | ||
There are unusually large discrepancies in the sources as regards his date of birth: the difference between the extreme figures is more than 30 years. According to one report, he fought in Safar 37/July 657 in the right wing (maymana) of [[Ali]]’s army at the battle of [https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Siffin Siffin], together with his cousins [[Hasan]], [[Husayn]] and ʿAbd Allah b. Jaʿfar (Ibn Aʿtham al-Kufi, K. al-Futuh, Haydarabad 1388-95/1968-75, iii, 32; Ibn Shahrashub, Manaqib, ii, 352). The report implies that Muslim was born no later than the early 20s/640s. An even earlier date is suggested by an account that during ʿOmar’s reign Muslim, took part in the conquest of al-Bahnasa [q.v.] (Ps.-Waqidi, Futuh al-Sham , Cairo 1354, ii, 136, 146, 153, 159, 160, 169, 181, 184, 185, 190), in the course of which two of his brothers, Jaʿfar and Ali, were killed (ibid., ii, 177). He is said to have been appointed as the first Muslim governor of the town, and to have retained this position until ʿUthman’s caliphate, when he returned to Medina, leaving his brothers and sons behind (ibid., ii, 193). Other accounts, in contrast, point to a date of birth in the late 30s/650s: according to these accounts, Muslim’s mother, an umm walad of Nabataean origin (cf. | There are unusually large discrepancies in the sources as regards his date of birth: the difference between the extreme figures is more than 30 years. According to one report, he fought in Safar 37/July 657 in the right wing (maymana) of [[Ali]]’s army at the battle of [https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Siffin Siffin], together with his cousins [[Hasan]], [[Husayn]] and ʿAbd Allah b. Jaʿfar (Ibn Aʿtham al-Kufi, K. al-Futuh, Haydarabad 1388-95/1968-75, iii, 32; Ibn Shahrashub, Manaqib, ii, 352). The report implies that Muslim was born no later than the early 20s/640s. An even earlier date is suggested by an account that during ʿOmar’s reign Muslim, took part in the conquest of al-Bahnasa [q.v.] (Ps.-Waqidi, Futuh al-Sham , Cairo 1354, ii, 136, 146, 153, 159, 160, 169, 181, 184, 185, 190), in the course of which two of his brothers, Jaʿfar and Ali, were killed (ibid., ii, 177). He is said to have been appointed as the first Muslim governor of the town, and to have retained this position until ʿUthman’s caliphate, when he returned to Medina, leaving his brothers and sons behind (ibid., ii, 193). Other accounts, in contrast, point to a date of birth in the late 30s/650s: according to these accounts, Muslim’s mother, an umm walad of Nabataean origin (cf. Muhammad b. Habib, al-Munammaq , 505) whose name is variously given as ʿUlayya, Khalila and Hilya, was bought by ʿAqil in Syria, with the help of [[Muʿawiya]]. This purchase probably took place after Ali’s assumption of the caliphate (in Dhu ’l-Hijja 35/June 656), which is the time usually given as the beginning of Aqil’s friendship with the Umayyad ruler. | ||
==Departure to Kufa== | ==Departure to Kufa== | ||
Muslim came into prominence, when he was sent to Kufa as Imam Husayn’s personal representative. His task was to measure the extent of Kufan support for the Prophet’s grandson. He set off from Mecca on 15 Ramaḍan 60/19 June 680 in the company of a number of Kufans who had come to al-Husayn with messages of support. His first destination was Medina, where he took leave of his family and hired the services of two Ḳaysis to guide him on his way. The guides lost their way in the desert and were too weakened by thirst to be able to proceed; they just managed to show Muslim the right direction before they both (or one of them) died. Muslim saw in this a bad omen, and wrote al-Husayn from al-Maḍiq asking to be relieved of his mission. Al-Husayn sent back a curt note accusing Muslim of cowardice and ordering him to continue. | Muslim came into prominence, when he was sent to Kufa as Imam Husayn’s personal representative. His task was to measure the extent of Kufan support for the Prophet’s grandson. He set off from Mecca on 15 Ramaḍan 60/19 June 680 in the company of a number of Kufans who had come to al-Husayn with messages of support. His first destination was Medina, where he took leave of his family and hired the services of two Ḳaysis to guide him on his way. The guides lost their way in the desert and were too weakened by thirst to be able to proceed; they just managed to show Muslim the right direction before they both (or one of them) died. Muslim saw in this a bad omen, and wrote al-Husayn from al-Maḍiq asking to be relieved of his mission. Al-Husayn sent back a curt note accusing Muslim of cowardice and ordering him to continue. | ||
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==Bibliography== | ==Bibliography== | ||
* Ibn Saʿd, Ṭabaḳāt, ed. Beirut, iv, 42, ed. Turāt̲h̲unā, iii/1 (1408), 173-7, 185 | *Ibn Saʿd, Ṭabaḳāt, ed. Beirut, iv, 42, ed. Turāt̲h̲unā, iii/1 (1408), 173-7, 185 | ||
* Muṣʿab b. ʿAbd Allah al-Zubayrī, K. Nasab Ḳurays̲h̲, ed. E. Lévi-Provençal, Cairo 1953, 84 | *Muṣʿab b. ʿAbd Allah al-Zubayrī, K. Nasab Ḳurays̲h̲, ed. E. Lévi-Provençal, Cairo 1953, 84 | ||
* K̲h̲alīfa b. K̲h̲ayyāṭ, Taʾrīk̲h̲, Nad̲j̲af 1386/1967, 221, 225 | *K̲h̲alīfa b. K̲h̲ayyāṭ, Taʾrīk̲h̲, Nad̲j̲af 1386/1967, 221, 225 | ||
* Ibn Ḥabīb, al-Muḥabbar, ed. I. Lichtenstaedter, Ḥaydarābād 1361/1942, index idem, al-Munammaḳ fī ak̲h̲bār Ḳurays̲h̲, Ḥaydarābād 1384/1964, 505-6 | *Ibn Ḥabīb, al-Muḥabbar, ed. I. Lichtenstaedter, Ḥaydarābād 1361/1942, index idem, al-Munammaḳ fī ak̲h̲bār Ḳurays̲h̲, Ḥaydarābād 1384/1964, 505-6 | ||
* Ibn Ḳutayba, Maʿārif, Beirut 1390/1970, 88 | *Ibn Ḳutayba, Maʿārif, Beirut 1390/1970, 88 | ||
* ps.-Ibn Ḳutayba, al-Imāma wa ’l-siyāsa, Beirut 1401/1981, ii, 4-6 | *ps.-Ibn Ḳutayba, al-Imāma wa ’l-siyāsa, Beirut 1401/1981, ii, 4-6 | ||
* Balād̲h̲urī, Ansāb al-as̲h̲rāf, ms. Süleymaniye, fols. 153a, 154b-156b, iii, ed. al-Maḥmūdī, | *Balād̲h̲urī, Ansāb al-as̲h̲rāf, ms. Süleymaniye, fols. 153a, 154b-156b, iii, ed. al-Maḥmūdī, | ||
* Beirut 1397/1977, 159-60, 167-9, 188, 224, iv/2, ed. M. Schloessinger, Jerusalem 1938, 16, 77, 84, v, ed. S.D. Goitein, Jerusalem 1936, 214-15, 291 | *Beirut 1397/1977, 159-60, 167-9, 188, 224, iv/2, ed. M. Schloessinger, Jerusalem 1938, 16, 77, 84, v, ed. S.D. Goitein, Jerusalem 1936, 214-15, 291 | ||
* Dīnawarī, al-Ak̲h̲bār al-ṭiwāl, ed. V. Guirgass, Leiden 1888, 244-5, 247-56, 258-60 | *Dīnawarī, al-Ak̲h̲bār al-ṭiwāl, ed. V. Guirgass, Leiden 1888, 244-5, 247-56, 258-60 | ||
* Yaʿḳūbī, Taʾrīk̲h̲, Beirut 1379/1960, ii, 242-3 | *Yaʿḳūbī, Taʾrīk̲h̲, Beirut 1379/1960, ii, 242-3 | ||
* Saʿd b. ʿAbd Allah al-Ḳummī, al-Maḳālāt wa ’l-firaḳ, ed. Muḥammad D̲j̲awād Mas̲h̲kūr, Tehran 1963, 24 | *Saʿd b. ʿAbd Allah al-Ḳummī, al-Maḳālāt wa ’l-firaḳ, ed. Muḥammad D̲j̲awād Mas̲h̲kūr, Tehran 1963, 24 | ||
* Ṭabarī, index | *Ṭabarī, index | ||
* Bayhaḳī, al-Maḥāsin wa ’l-masāwī, ed. F. Schwally, Giessen 1902, 59-61 | *Bayhaḳī, al-Maḥāsin wa ’l-masāwī, ed. F. Schwally, Giessen 1902, 59-61 | ||
* Ibn ʿAbd Rabbihi, al-ʿIḳd al-farīd, Cairo 1359-72/1940-53, iv, 377-9 | *Ibn ʿAbd Rabbihi, al-ʿIḳd al-farīd, Cairo 1359-72/1940-53, iv, 377-9 | ||
* Masʿūdī, Murūd̲j̲, ed. Pellat, index | *Masʿūdī, Murūd̲j̲, ed. Pellat, index | ||
* Abu ’l-Farad̲j̲ al-Iṣfahānī, Maḳātil al-Ṭālibiyyīn, ed. Aḥmad Ṣaḳr, Beirut n.d., 80, 95-110 | *Abu ’l-Farad̲j̲ al-Iṣfahānī, Maḳātil al-Ṭālibiyyīn, ed. Aḥmad Ṣaḳr, Beirut n.d., 80, 95-110 | ||
* al-Mufīd, al-Irs̲h̲ād, Beirut 1399/1979, 200, 204-23, 249, tr. I.K. Howard, London 1981, 299, 305-33, 373 | *al-Mufīd, al-Irs̲h̲ād, Beirut 1399/1979, 200, 204-23, 249, tr. I.K. Howard, London 1981, 299, 305-33, 373 | ||
* idem, al-Ik̲h̲tiṣāṣ, Nad̲j̲af 1390/1971, 78 | *idem, al-Ik̲h̲tiṣāṣ, Nad̲j̲af 1390/1971, 78 | ||
* al-S̲h̲arīf al-Murtaḍā, Amālī, ed. Muḥammad Abu ’l-Faḍl Ibrāhīm, 2nd ed., Beirut 1387/1967, i, 276 | *al-S̲h̲arīf al-Murtaḍā, Amālī, ed. Muḥammad Abu ’l-Faḍl Ibrāhīm, 2nd ed., Beirut 1387/1967, i, 276 | ||
* Ibn Ḥazm, D̲j̲amharat ansāb al-ʿarab, ed. ʿAbd al-Salām Muḥammad Hārūn, Cairo 1382/1962, 69, 406 | *Ibn Ḥazm, D̲j̲amharat ansāb al-ʿarab, ed. ʿAbd al-Salām Muḥammad Hārūn, Cairo 1382/1962, 69, 406 | ||
* Ibn al-ʿArabī, al-ʿAwāṣim min al-ḳawāṣim, D̲j̲udda 1378, 229-31 | *Ibn al-ʿArabī, al-ʿAwāṣim min al-ḳawāṣim, D̲j̲udda 1378, 229-31 | ||
* Ṭabrisī (Ṭabarsī), Iʿlām al-warā, Nad̲j̲af 1390/1970, 204, 223-30, 238, 255 | *Ṭabrisī (Ṭabarsī), Iʿlām al-warā, Nad̲j̲af 1390/1970, 204, 223-30, 238, 255 | ||
* Ibn ʿAsākir, al-Taʾrīk̲h̲ al-kabīr, iv, Damascus 1332, 332 = Taʾrīk̲h̲ ¶ Madīnat Dimas̲h̲ḳ, facs. ed. Cairo n.d. [1989], v, 68 | *Ibn ʿAsākir, al-Taʾrīk̲h̲ al-kabīr, iv, Damascus 1332, 332 = Taʾrīk̲h̲ ¶ Madīnat Dimas̲h̲ḳ, facs. ed. Cairo n.d. [1989], v, 68 | ||
* Ibn S̲h̲ahrās̲h̲ūb, Manāḳib āl Abī Ṭālib, Nad̲j̲af 1956, iii, 241-5, 259 | *Ibn S̲h̲ahrās̲h̲ūb, Manāḳib āl Abī Ṭālib, Nad̲j̲af 1956, iii, 241-5, 259 | ||
* Ibn al-At̲h̲īr, al-Kāmil, iv, Beirut 1385/1965, 21-2, 25-36, 42-3 | *Ibn al-At̲h̲īr, al-Kāmil, iv, Beirut 1385/1965, 21-2, 25-36, 42-3 | ||
* Ibn Namā al-Ḥillī, Mut̲h̲īr al-aḥzān, Nad̲j̲af 1369/1950, 16, 20-26, 32, 50 | *Ibn Namā al-Ḥillī, Mut̲h̲īr al-aḥzān, Nad̲j̲af 1369/1950, 16, 20-26, 32, 50 | ||
* Ibn Ṭāwūs, Miṣbāḥ al-zāʾir, ms. Marʿas̲h̲ī, 69-72 idem, al-Luhūf ʿalā ḳatlā ’l-Ṭufūf, Tehran 1348 S̲h̲, 26, 36-8, 45-60, 73-5, 91 | *Ibn Ṭāwūs, Miṣbāḥ al-zāʾir, ms. Marʿas̲h̲ī, 69-72 idem, al-Luhūf ʿalā ḳatlā ’l-Ṭufūf, Tehran 1348 S̲h̲, 26, 36-8, 45-60, 73-5, 91 | ||
* Ibn al-ʿIbrī, Muk̲h̲taṣar taʾrīk̲h̲ al-duwal, Beirut n.d. [1978-9], 110 | *Ibn al-ʿIbrī, Muk̲h̲taṣar taʾrīk̲h̲ al-duwal, Beirut n.d. [1978-9], 110 | ||
* Ibn al-Ṭiḳṭaḳā, al-Fak̲h̲rī, ed. H. Derenbourg, Paris 1895, 159-60 | *Ibn al-Ṭiḳṭaḳā, al-Fak̲h̲rī, ed. H. Derenbourg, Paris 1895, 159-60 | ||
* Nuwayrī, Nihāyat al-arab, xx, Cairo 1395/1975, 387-8, 391-405, 413-5, 462, xxi, Cairo 1396/1976, 7 | *Nuwayrī, Nihāyat al-arab, xx, Cairo 1395/1975, 387-8, 391-405, 413-5, 462, xxi, Cairo 1396/1976, 7 | ||
* D̲h̲ahabī, Taʾrīk̲h̲ al-Islām, ii, Cairo 1368, 316 idem, Siyar aʿlām al-nubalāʾ, iii, Cairo 1962, 206-8, 217 | *D̲h̲ahabī, Taʾrīk̲h̲ al-Islām, ii, Cairo 1368, 316 idem, Siyar aʿlām al-nubalāʾ, iii, Cairo 1962, 206-8, 217 | ||
* Ibn Kat̲h̲īr, Bidāya, Cairo 1351-8/1932-9, viii, 152-9 | *Ibn Kat̲h̲īr, Bidāya, Cairo 1351-8/1932-9, viii, 152-9 | ||
* Ibn ʿInaba, ʿUmdat al-ṭālib fī ansāb āl Abī Ṭālib, Beirut 1390, 29 | *Ibn ʿInaba, ʿUmdat al-ṭālib fī ansāb āl Abī Ṭālib, Beirut 1390, 29 | ||
* Ṭurayḥī, al-Muntak̲h̲ab, Beirut n.d., 37, 372, 380-5, 421-9, 434, 437-8 | *Ṭurayḥī, al-Muntak̲h̲ab, Beirut n.d., 37, 372, 380-5, 421-9, 434, 437-8 | ||
* Mad̲j̲lisī, Biḥār al-anwār, Tehran 1956-74, xlii, 116-7, xliv, 334-7, 341-63, 369-70, 373-4, xlv, 32-3, 68, 96-8, 100-5 | *Mad̲j̲lisī, Biḥār al-anwār, Tehran 1956-74, xlii, 116-7, xliv, 334-7, 341-63, 369-70, 373-4, xlv, 32-3, 68, 96-8, 100-5 | ||
* S̲h̲abland̲j̲ī, Nūr al-abṣār fī manāḳib āl al-nabī al-muk̲h̲tār, Cairo 1399/1979, 142-4 | *S̲h̲abland̲j̲ī, Nūr al-abṣār fī manāḳib āl al-nabī al-muk̲h̲tār, Cairo 1399/1979, 142-4 | ||
* D̲j̲aʿfar al-Tustarī, al-K̲h̲aṣāʾiṣ al-ḥusayniyya, Nad̲j̲af 1375/1956, 124-5 | *D̲j̲aʿfar al-Tustarī, al-K̲h̲aṣāʾiṣ al-ḥusayniyya, Nad̲j̲af 1375/1956, 124-5 | ||
* L, Pelly, The Miracle play of Ḥasan and Ḥusayn, i, London 1879, 171-206 | *L, Pelly, The Miracle play of Ḥasan and Ḥusayn, i, London 1879, 171-206 | ||
* F. Wüstenfeld, Der Tod des Ḥusein ben ʿAlī, Göttingen 1883, 24-6, 30-46 | *F. Wüstenfeld, Der Tod des Ḥusein ben ʿAlī, Göttingen 1883, 24-6, 30-46 | ||
* H. Lammens, Le califat de Yazīd I , Beirut 1921, 136-45, 150-1 | *H. Lammens, Le califat de Yazīd I , Beirut 1921, 136-45, 150-1 | ||
* D.M. Donaldson, The Shīʿite religion, London 1933, 80-5 | *D.M. Donaldson, The Shīʿite religion, London 1933, 80-5 | ||
* Muḥsin al-Amīn, Aʿyān al-S̲h̲īʿa, iv/1, Beirut 1367/1948, 191-4, 199-210, 216, 221-3 idem, Miftāḥ al-d̲j̲annāt, Beirut n.d., ii, 90-3 | *Muḥsin al-Amīn, Aʿyān al-S̲h̲īʿa, iv/1, Beirut 1367/1948, 191-4, 199-210, 216, 221-3 idem, Miftāḥ al-d̲j̲annāt, Beirut n.d., ii, 90-3 | ||
* ʿAbbās Ḳummī, Tuḥfat al-aḥbāb, Tehran 1369, 359-60 idem, Nafas al-mahmūm, Ḳumm 1405, 82-7, 92-162 | *ʿAbbās Ḳummī, Tuḥfat al-aḥbāb, Tehran 1369, 359-60 idem, Nafas al-mahmūm, Ḳumm 1405, 82-7, 92-162 | ||
* Muḥammad ʿAlī ʿĀbidīn, Mabʿūt̲h̲ al-Ḥusayn, Ḳumm n.d. | *Muḥammad ʿAlī ʿĀbidīn, Mabʿūt̲h̲ al-Ḥusayn, Ḳumm n.d. | ||
* ʿAbd al-Razzāḳ al-Mūsawī al-Muḳarram, al-S̲h̲ahīd Muslim b. ʿAḳīl, Nad̲j̲af 1369/1950 | *ʿAbd al-Razzāḳ al-Mūsawī al-Muḳarram, al-S̲h̲ahīd Muslim b. ʿAḳīl, Nad̲j̲af 1369/1950 | ||
* Parviz Mamnoun, Taʿzija: Schiʿitisch-Persisches Passionsspiel, Vienna 1967, 7, 30, 72-3, 127, 130 | *Parviz Mamnoun, Taʿzija: Schiʿitisch-Persisches Passionsspiel, Vienna 1967, 7, 30, 72-3, 127, 130 | ||
* J. Wellhausen, The Religio-political factions in early Islam, tr. Ostle and Walzer, Amsterdam and New York 1975, 105-9 | *J. Wellhausen, The Religio-political factions in early Islam, tr. Ostle and Walzer, Amsterdam and New York 1975, 105-9 | ||
* Mahmoud Ayoub, Redemptive suffering in Islām, The Hague 1978, 99-102 and index | *Mahmoud Ayoub, Redemptive suffering in Islām, The Hague 1978, 99-102 and index | ||
* S.H.M. Jafri, The origins and early development of Shiʿa Islam, London and New York 1979, index | *S.H.M. Jafri, The origins and early development of Shiʿa Islam, London and New York 1979, index | ||
* Ibrāhīm al-Mūsawī al-Zand̲j̲ānī, D̲j̲awla fi ’l-amākin al-muḳaddasa, Beirut 1405/1985, 203-7 | *Ibrāhīm al-Mūsawī al-Zand̲j̲ānī, D̲j̲awla fi ’l-amākin al-muḳaddasa, Beirut 1405/1985, 203-7 | ||
*R. Milstein, Miniature painting in Ottoman Baghdad, Costa Mesa 1990, 25-7, 101-6. | |||
==Source== | ==Source== | ||
* [https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/muslim-b-akil-b-abi-talib-SIM_5596?s.num=637&s.start=620 Encyclopaedia Iranica] | |||
*[https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/muslim-b-akil-b-abi-talib-SIM_5596?s.num=637&s.start=620 Encyclopaedia Iranica] | |||
[[Category: Historic Character]] | [[Category: Historic Character]] | ||
[[Category: Karbala Martyrs]] | [[Category: Karbala Martyrs]] | ||
[[Category: Battel of Karbala]] | [[Category: Battel of Karbala]] | ||
[[Category: Husayn’s Followers]] | [[Category: Husayn’s Followers]] | ||