Template:Infobox copper

Copper, ₂₉Cu
	Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-top-image-caption
General properties
Pronunciation	Template:Infobox element/pronunciation
Appearance	red-orange metallic luster
Standard atomic weight (Ar, standard)	Template:Infobox element/standard atomic weight
Mass number	Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-most-stable-isotope (most stable isotope)
Copper in the periodic table
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Atomic number (Z)	29
Group	Template:Infobox element/group
Period	period 4
Block	d-block
Element category	Template:Infobox element/category format
Electron configuration	[Ar] 3d10 4s1
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 18, 1
Physical properties
Phase at STP	solid
Melting point	1357.77 K (1084.62 °C, 1984.32 °F)
Boiling point	2835 K (2562 °C, 4643 °F)
Density (near r.t.)	8.96 g/cm3
when liquid (at m.p.)	8.02 g/cm3
Heat of fusion	13.26 kJ/mol
[[Enthalpy of vaporization\|Heat of Template:Engvar]]	300.4 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	24.440 J/(mol·K)
	[[Vapor pressure\|Template:Engvar pressure]] Template:Infobox element/vapor pressure table
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-oxidation-state
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 1.90
[[Ionization energy\|Template:Engvar energies]]	1st: 745.5 kJ/mol ; 2nd: 1957.9 kJ/mol ; 3rd: 3555 kJ/mol ; (more) ;
Atomic radius	empirical: 128 pm
Covalent radius	132±4 pm
Van der Waals radius	140 pm
	Template:Infobox element/spectral lines
Other properties
Crystal structure	Template:Infobox element/crystal structure Template:Infobox element/crystal structure
Speed of sound thin rod	(annealed); 3810 m/s (at r.t.)
Thermal expansion	16.5 µm/(m·K) (at 25 °C)
Thermal conductivity	401 W/(m·K)
Electrical resistivity	16.78 nΩ·m (at 20 °C)
Magnetic ordering	diamagnetic
Magnetic susceptibility	−5.46·10−6 cm3/mol
Young's modulus	110–128 GPa
Shear modulus	48 GPa
Bulk modulus	140 GPa
Poisson ratio	0.34
Mohs hardness	3.0
Vickers hardness	343–369 MPa
Brinell hardness	235–878 MPa
CAS Number	7440-50-8
History
Naming	after Cyprus, principal mining place in Roman era (Cyprium)
Discovery	Middle East (9000 BC)
Main isotopes of copper
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Template:Infobox element/element navigation Template:Template reference list Expression error: Unrecognized word "template".

↑ Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). "Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds". CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (PDF) (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5.
↑ Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.

[1] Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). "Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds". CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (PDF) (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5.

[2] Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.

[1]

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