Template:Infobox carbon

Carbon, ₆C
	Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-top-image-caption
General properties
Pronunciation	Template:Infobox element/pronunciation
Allotropes	graphite, diamond
Appearance	graphite: black; diamond: clear
Standard atomic weight (Ar, standard)	Template:Infobox element/standard atomic weight
Mass number	Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-most-stable-isotope (most stable isotope)
Carbon in the periodic table
	Template:Infobox element/periodic table
Atomic number (Z)	6
Group	Template:Infobox element/group
Period	period 2
Block	p-block
Element category	Template:Infobox element/category format, sometimes considered a metalloid
Electron configuration	[He] 2s2 2p2
Electrons per shell	2, 4
Physical properties
Phase at STP	solid
Sublimation point	3915 K (3642 °C, 6588 °F)
Density (near r.t.)	amorphous: 1.8–2.1 g/cm3 ; graphite: 2.267 g/cm3 ; diamond: 3.515 g/cm3
Triple point	4600 K, 10,800 kPa
Heat of fusion	graphite: 117 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	graphite: 8.517 J/(mol·K) ; diamond: 6.155 J/(mol·K)
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-oxidation-state
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 2.55
[[Ionization energy\|Template:Engvar energies]]	1st: 1086.5 kJ/mol ; 2nd: 2352.6 kJ/mol ; 3rd: 4620.5 kJ/mol ; (more) ;
Covalent radius	sp3: 77 pm; sp2: 73 pm; sp: 69 pm
Van der Waals radius	170 pm
	Template:Infobox element/spectral lines
Other properties
Crystal structure	graphite: Template:Infobox element/crystal structure Template:Infobox element/crystal structure; (black)
Crystal structure	diamond: Template:Infobox element/crystal structure Template:Infobox element/crystal structure; (clear)
Speed of sound thin rod	diamond: 18,350 m/s (at 20 °C)
Thermal expansion	diamond: 0.8 µm/(m·K) (at 25 °C)
Thermal conductivity	graphite: 119–165 W/(m·K) ; diamond: 900–2300 W/(m·K)
Electrical resistivity	graphite: 7.837 µΩ·m
Magnetic ordering	diamagnetic
Magnetic susceptibility	−5.9·10−6 (graph.) cm3/mol
Young's modulus	diamond: 1050 GPa
Shear modulus	diamond: 478 GPa
Bulk modulus	diamond: 442 GPa
Poisson ratio	diamond: 0.1
Mohs hardness	graphite: 1–2 ; diamond: 10
CAS Number	7440-44-0
History
Discovery	Egyptians and Sumerians (3750 BCE)
Recognized as an element by	Antoine Lavoisier (1789)
Main isotopes of carbon
	Template:Infobox element/isotopes table
	view; talk; edit; \| references

Template:Infobox element/element navigation Template:Template reference list Four of these are named references. They may be cited in the containing article as

<ref name="CRC" /> for the source CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics
<ref name="triple2" /> for the source by Haaland
<ref name="triple3" /> for the Savvatimskiy
<ref name="ioffe" /> for the Ioffe Institute Database

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↑ Template:RubberBible86th
↑ Haaland, D (1976). "Graphite-liquid-vapor triple point pressure and the density of liquid carbon". Carbon. 14 (6): 357. doi:10.1016/0008-6223(76)90010-5.
↑ Savvatimskiy, A (2005). "Measurements of the melting point of graphite and the properties of liquid carbon (a review for 1963–2003)". Carbon. 43 (6): 1115. doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2004.12.027.
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 ^4.4 Properties of diamond, Ioffe Institute Database
↑ "Material Properties- Misc Materials". www.nde-ed.org. Retrieved 12 November 2016.
↑ Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 81st edition, CRC press.
↑ Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.
↑ "History of Carbon and Carbon Materials - Center for Applied Energy Research - University of Kentucky". Caer.uky.edu. Retrieved 2008-09-12.
↑ Senese, Fred (2000-09-09). "Who discovered carbon?". Frostburg State University. Retrieved 2007-11-24.
↑ Template:Citeweb
↑ Template:Citeweb
↑ Template:Citeweb

[CRC-1] Template:RubberBible86th

[triple2-2] Haaland, D (1976). "Graphite-liquid-vapor triple point pressure and the density of liquid carbon". Carbon. 14 (6): 357. doi:10.1016/0008-6223(76)90010-5.

[triple3-3] Savvatimskiy, A (2005). "Measurements of the melting point of graphite and the properties of liquid carbon (a review for 1963–2003)". Carbon. 43 (6): 1115. doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2004.12.027.

[ioffe-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 ^4.4 Properties of diamond, Ioffe Institute Database

[5] "Material Properties- Misc Materials". www.nde-ed.org. Retrieved 12 November 2016.

[6] Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 81st edition, CRC press.

[7] Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.

[8] "History of Carbon and Carbon Materials - Center for Applied Energy Research - University of Kentucky". Caer.uky.edu. Retrieved 2008-09-12.

[9] Senese, Fred (2000-09-09). "Who discovered carbon?". Frostburg State University. Retrieved 2007-11-24.

[10] Template:Citeweb

[11] Template:Citeweb

[12] Template:Citeweb

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