Ḥusayn ibn Alī

Al-Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī, (born January 626, Medina, Arabia [now in Saudi Arabia]—died Oct. 10, 680, Karbalāʾ, Iraq), Shīʿite Muslim hero, grandson of the Prophet Muhammad, and son of ʿAlī (the fourth Islamic caliph) and Fāṭima, daughter of Muhammad. He is revered by Shīʿite Muslims as the third imam (after ʿAlī and Ḥusayn’s older brother, Ḥasan). After the assassination of their father, ʿAlī, Ḥasan and Ḥusayn acquiesced to the rule of the first Umayyad caliph, Muʿāwiya, from whom they received pensions. Ḥusayn, however, refused to recognize the legitimacy of Muʿāwiya’s son and successor, Yazīd (April 680). Ḥusayn was then invited by the townsmen of Kūfah, a city with a Shīʿite majority, to come there and raise the standard of revolt against the Umayyads. After receiving some favourable indications, Ḥusayn set out for Kūfah with a small band of relatives and followers. According to traditional accounts, he met the poet al-Farazdaq on the way and was told that the hearts of the Iraqis were for him, but their swords were for the Umayyads. The governor of Iraq, on behalf of the caliph, sent 4,000 men to arrest Ḥusayn and his small band. They trapped Ḥusayn near the banks of the Euphrates River (October 680). When Ḥusayn refused to surrender, he and his escort were slain, and Ḥusayn’s head was sent to Yazīd in Damascus (now in Syria). In remembrance of the martyrdom of Ḥusayn, Shīʿite Muslims observe the first 10 days of Muḥarram (the date of the battle according to the Islamic calendar) as days of lamentation.

Facies and biography

In most old traditionary , historical and biographical evaluation (Arabic: عِلْمُ الرِّجال‎, translit. `Ilm al-Rijāl‎) sources, the resemblance of Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī to the prophet has been expressed

Imamate

According to the Shi'a, The text and divine determination is one of essential , necessary conditions to proof the imamate of each Imam. This text has also been entered in different ways by Imam Ḥusayn (AS)). For example, there is a well-known hadith from the Prophet which implies to Hasanin'sImamate. Additionally, there have been some traditions from the Prophet, in which the number of Imams and Imamate of Imam Ali, Imam Hassan and Imam Ḥusayn (AS), and nine of the sons of Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī were specified. Another reason is the will of Imam Hassan about the succession of Imam Ḥusayn after him and ordering Mohammad Hanafiy to follow that pious Imam. Mofid is on it that according to the above mentioned reasons, the imamate of Imam Ḥusayn (AS) is proven and definitive, although imam Hasan(AS) did not openly invite to his imamate due to Taqiyyah and the commitment to peace and withdrawal of the conflict but after The death of Mu'awiyah and the end of the conflict period, revealed his Imamat . Also, Knowledge of all aspects of religion in the whole and perfect form is Imamate requirements. Therefore, Imam Ali (AS) asked imam Husayn, as he asked Imam Hasan, to Lecture for people, so that the Qur'īsis would not later attributed him the lack of knowledge. It is a witness to the words of the Companions about the scientific position of Imam Ḥusayn, and their demand him for Fatwa. To Some of his own words of Imam Ḥusayn (AS) about his Imamate and also to his hand came true Some miracles and theurgies which he cited as proof of imamate. It is said that sometime in the assignment of a part of theurgies or virtues or some verbs, is summarized between Imam Hassan and Imam Ḥusayn (AS). The martyrdom of Imam Ḥusayn (AS) has had remarkable effects on the behavior of Muslims and Shiites throughout history, and has inspired numerous struggles, revolutions and uprisings. The Shiites emphasize the cry and mourning of the martyrdom of Imam Ḥusayn (AS) especially in the month of Muharram. Finally, Imam's wife and children were captured and taken to Kūfah and from there to Damascus. In shita’s belief the main Qoran script and assignment by god, are essential factors to designate an Imam. There are many quotes( Riwayats) available about Imam Husayn that the most famous one, is a quote ( Riwayat) from prophet which confirmed that Hasan and Husayn( two grandson of prophet Muhammad PBUH) are both Imam of Muslims.In addition, there are lots of sayings(Hadiths) in which prophet mentioned that Ali and his two sons, Hasan and Husayn, are Imams of Ummat ( Muslim community) as well as nine following sons of Husayn. The other proof is the will of Hasan in which he emphasized that Husayn is the next successor of prophet and advised Muhammad abu Hanifa to obey him. Al-Sheikh Al- Mufid believed that with all those evidence in hand, Husayn is the certain Imam and shitas leader. Although, for maintainig peace treaty and security reasons he hid this fact and didn’t largely invite fellow muslims to his leadership until Muʿāwiya passed away ,that was the end of peace treaty and husayn largely acknowledged people of his leadership. As Mastering all the details and knowledge of Islam is a main characteristic of an Imam, Ali ask his son ,Husayn(as well as he asked Hasan) , to give speech in front of Quraysh people for them not to blame him of lack of islamic knowledge. Those praises which husayn received from companions of prophet (sahaba) about his level of knowledge and ….are another reliable sources for him being an Imam. Also, some texts proved him as Imam by referring to his own sayings and some of his miracles. The martyrdom of Imam husayn strongly affect Muslims and Shias during history and has inspired many fights against oppression and revolutions. Shias are strongly believe in mourning on his anniversary especially on month Muhharam.