Template:Infobox thorium: Difference between revisions

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Thorium,  90Th
Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-top-image-alt
General properties
PronunciationTemplate:Infobox element/pronunciation
Appearancesilvery, often with black tarnish
Standard atomic weight (Ar, standard)Template:Infobox element/standard atomic weight
Mass numberTemplate:Infobox element/symbol-to-most-stable-isotope (most stable isotope)
Thorium in the periodic table
Template:Infobox element/periodic table
Atomic number (Z)90
GroupTemplate:Infobox element/group
Periodperiod 7
Blockf-block
Element categoryTemplate:Infobox element/category format
Electron configuration[Rn] 6d2 7s2
Electrons per shell
2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 10, 2
Physical properties
Phase at STPsolid
Melting point2023 K ​(1750 °C, ​3182 °F)
Boiling point5061 K ​(4788 °C, ​8650 °F)
Density (near r.t.)11.7 g/cm3
Heat of fusion13.81 kJ/mol
[[Enthalpy of vaporization|Heat of Template:Engvar]]514 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity26.230 J/(mol·K)
[[Vapor pressure|Template:Engvar pressure]]
Atomic properties
Oxidation statesTemplate:Infobox element/symbol-to-oxidation-state
ElectronegativityPauling scale: 1.3
[[Ionization energy|Template:Engvar energies]]
  • 1st: 587 kJ/mol
  • 2nd: 1110 kJ/mol
  • 3rd: 1930 kJ/mol
Atomic radiusempirical: 179.8 pm
Covalent radius206±6 pm
Template:Infobox element/spectral lines
Other properties
Crystal structure ​Template:Infobox element/crystal structure
Speed of sound thin rod2490 m/s (at 20 °C)
Thermal expansion11.0 µm/(m·K) (at 25 °C)
Thermal conductivity54.0 W/(m·K)
Electrical resistivity157 nΩ·m (at 0 °C)
Magnetic orderingparamagnetic[1]
Magnetic susceptibility132.0·10−6 cm3/mol (293 K)[2]
Young's modulus79 GPa
Shear modulus31 GPa
Bulk modulus54 GPa
Poisson ratio0.27
Mohs hardness3.0
Vickers hardness295–685 MPa
Brinell hardness390–1500 MPa
CAS Number7440-29-1
History
Namingafter Thor, the Norse god of thunder
DiscoveryJöns Jakob Berzelius (1829)
Main isotopes of thorium
Template:Infobox element/isotopes table
| references

Template:Infobox element/element navigation Template:Template reference list Expression error: Unrecognized word "template".

  1. ↑ Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). "Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds". CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (PDF) (86th ed.). CRC Press. pp. 4–135. ISBN 978-0-8493-0486-6.
  2. ↑ Weast, R. (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. p. E110. ISBN 978-0-8493-0464-4.
  3. ↑ Meija, J.; et al. (2016). "Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 88 (3): 265–291. doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0305.
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