Mu'awiya: Difference between revisions

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==Caliphate==

[[File:Umayyad_Mosque,_Damascus.jpg|thumbnail|Great mosque of Banu Umayya in Damascus, one of the oldest and largest mosques in the world.]]

After 'Ali was assassinated by a [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Kharijite Kharijite] dissident in 661, he was ~~briefly~~ succeeded by his son [Hasan]. After gaining support of Syrians, Mu'awiya went to Iraq to confront Imam Hasan. Doubted in the loyalty of his companion, Imam accepted the peace with Mu'awiya provided that the caliphate of Muslims after Mu'awiya would be for Imam al-Hasan. Thereby, Mu'awiya inaugurated Umayyad rule in 661 and the seat of the caliphate was transferred to Damascus.

After 'Ali was assassinated by a [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Kharijite Kharijite] dissident in 661, he was succeeded by his son [Hasan] for a short while. After gaining support of Syrians, Mu'awiya went to Iraq to confront Imam Hasan. Doubted in the loyalty of his companion, Imam accepted the peace with Mu'awiya provided that the caliphate of Muslims after Mu'awiya would be for Imam al-Hasan. Thereby, Mu'awiya inaugurated Umayyad rule in 661 and the seat of the caliphate was transferred to Damascus.

Mu'awiya's rule, according to most historians, was characterized by peace and justice. Governors were granted full civil and military authority. However, toward the end of his life, he nominated his son [[Yazid]] to succeed him. This move met with a great deal of opposition, especially from 'Abdallah ibn Zubayr and Ali's son, [[Hussain ibn Ali|Hussain ibn 'Ali]].

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His refusal to acknowledge 'Ali's caliphate and his appointment of Yazid as heir not only resulted in the introduction of hereditary succession in Muslim polity, but also in the emergence of the Khawarij and consolidation of the Shi'a.

~~While~~ Mu'awiya ~~has been vilified by Shi’a~~ throughout ~~Muslim~~ history, Sunni Muslims respect his political sagacity, justice, impartiality, forbearance, and resolution of character. It is said that he granted his subjects free access to him as well as freedom of expression. He was reputed for his oratory and his ability to turn adversaries into allies.

Although Shi'as have not approved of Mu'awiya's character throughout history, some of his personality features have been appreciated by [[Sunni]] Muslims.

==BIBLIOGRAPHY==

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 ==Caliphate==
 [[File:Umayyad_Mosque,_Damascus.jpg|thumbnail|Great mosque of Banu Umayya in Damascus, one of the oldest and largest mosques in the world.]]
-After 'Ali was assassinated by a [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Kharijite Kharijite] dissident in 661, he was briefly succeeded by his son [Hasan]. After gaining support of Syrians, Mu'awiya went to Iraq to confront Imam Hasan. Doubted in the loyalty of his companion, Imam accepted the peace with Mu'awiya provided that the caliphate of Muslims after Mu'awiya would be for Imam al-Hasan. Thereby, Mu'awiya inaugurated Umayyad rule in 661 and the seat of the caliphate was transferred to Damascus.
+After 'Ali was assassinated by a [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Kharijite Kharijite] dissident in 661, he was succeeded by his son [Hasan] for a short while. After gaining support of Syrians, Mu'awiya went to Iraq to confront Imam Hasan. Doubted in the loyalty of his companion, Imam accepted the peace with Mu'awiya provided that the caliphate of Muslims after Mu'awiya would be for Imam al-Hasan. Thereby, Mu'awiya inaugurated Umayyad rule in 661 and the seat of the caliphate was transferred to Damascus.
 Mu'awiya's rule, according to most historians, was characterized by peace and justice. Governors were granted full civil and military authority. However, toward the end of his life, he nominated his son [[Yazid]] to succeed him. This move met with a great deal of opposition, especially from 'Abdallah ibn Zubayr and Ali's son, [[Hussain ibn Ali|Hussain ibn 'Ali]].
@@ Line 45: / Line 45: @@
 His refusal to acknowledge 'Ali's caliphate and his appointment of Yazid as heir not only resulted in the introduction of hereditary succession in Muslim polity, but also in the emergence of the Khawarij and consolidation of the Shi'a.
-While Mu'awiya has been vilified by Shi’a throughout Muslim history, Sunni Muslims respect his political sagacity, justice, impartiality, forbearance, and resolution of character. It is said that he granted his subjects free access to him as well as freedom of expression. He was reputed for his oratory and his ability to turn adversaries into allies.
+Although Shi'as have not approved of Mu'awiya's character throughout history, some of his personality features have been appreciated by [[Sunni]] Muslims.
 ==BIBLIOGRAPHY==