Hussain ibn Ali: Difference between revisions

← Older edit

Hussain ibn Ali (edit)

Revision as of 14:35, 19 February 2023

1,252 bytes removed , 19 February 2023

no edit summary

Esmaeili

Automoderated users, Bots, Bureaucrats, checkuser, Comment administrators, Moderators, Administrators

9,546

edits

@@ Line 6: / Line 6: @@
 | birth_date  = 	3 Sha'aban AH 4 (10 January 626)
 | birth_place =Medinah, Hijaz
-| father         =Ali
+| father         =[[Ali ibn Abi Talib|Ali]]
-| mother         =Fatima
+| mother         =[[Fatima]]
-| relatives          =Muhammad (maternal grandfather), Hasan ibn Ali (brother), Zaynab bint Ali (sister) Muhsin ibn Ali (brother), Umm Kulthum bint Ali (sister), Abbas ibn Ali (brother)
+| relatives          =[[Muhammad| (maternal grandfather)]], Hasan ibn Ali (brother), Zaynab bint Ali (sister) Muhsin ibn Ali (brother), Umm Kulthum bint Ali (sister),[[Abbas B. Ali B. Abu Taleb| Abbas ibn Ali (brother)]]
-| spouse             =Shahrbanu, Umme Rabab, Umme Laylā
+| spouse             =[[Shahrbanu]], Umme Rabab, Umme Laylā
-| children           = 	'Alī Zayn al-'Ābidīn, Sakīnah (Mother: Shahrbanu), 'Alī al-Akbar, Fāṭimah aṣ-Ṣughrá (Mother: Laylā), Sukaynah, 'Alī al-Aṣghar(Mother: Rubāb)
+| children           = 	[[Ali b. al-Hussain|Alī Zayn al-'Ābidīn]], Sakīnah (Mother: Shahrbanu), [[Ali al-Akbar ibn al-Hussain|Alī al-Akbar]], Fāṭimah aṣ-Ṣughrá (Mother: Laylā), [[Sakina bint Hussain|Sukaynah]], [[Ali Asqar ibn Hussain|Alī al-Aṣghar(Mother: Rubāb)]]
 | death_date  = 	 10 Muharram AH 61- aged 55 (10 October 680)
-| death_place =Karbala, Umayyad section of Mesopotamia
+| death_place =[[Karbala]], Umayyad section of Mesopotamia
 | resting_place      = [[Karbala]] Governorate, [[Iraq]]
 }}
@@ Line 26: / Line 26: @@
 His supporters from Iraq, however, kept visiting him in Medina in large numbers, and ʿAmr, the son of the caliph ‘Othman, warned the governor Marwan. The latter informed [[Mu’awiya]], who instructed him to leave Hussain alone as long as he would not display any hostility to him but also to withhold any sign of friendship from him. Marwan wrote Hussain a menacing letter, warning him against sowing renewed discord in the community. Hussain answered him, enumerating Mu’awiya’s offences, such as his recognition of Ziad as his brother in violation of Islamic law and his execution of Hojr b. Adi, and rejected his threats. Mu’awiya complained to his entourage about Hussain, but refrained from further threats and continued to send his regular subsidy and gifts.<ref>Baladhori, II, pp. 458-60</ref> Jointly with the sons of several other prominent Companions of Muhammad, Hussain resisted Mu’awiya’s demands that they pledge allegiance to his son Yazid, whom he had appointed as his successor in breach of both his treaty with Hasan and ʿOmar’s principle of election by the consultation (Shura).
+{{Mourning of Muharram-vertical}}
 ==After the Death of Mu’awiya==
 After Mu’awiya’s death on 15 Rajab 60/22 April 680, [[Yazid]] immediately instructed the governor of Medina, Otba b. Abi Sofyan, to compel Hussain, Abd-Allah b. Omar, and Abd-Allah b. Zobayr to pledge their allegiance. Abd Allah b. Zobayr and Hussain left separately for Mecca to seek asylum. The account of Waqedi <ref>apud Tabari, II, pp. 222-23; tr., XIX, pp. 9-10; Ibn Saʿd, p. 56</ref> that the two left together is unreliable. Hussain was accompanied by his household, his sons, brothers, and the sons of Hasan. Muhammad b. Hanafiya did not join him and urged him not to move to Iraq before receiving the oath of allegiance there. Hussain should rather stay in Mecca or hide in the desert and mountains until the sentiments of the people became clear. Hussain traveled the main road to Mecca, refusing to avoid being pursued by taking a side road. Otba b. Abi Sofyan, in spite of Marwan’s prodding, did not wish to use violence against the grandson of the Prophet, and Yazid replaced him for his inaction. In Mecca Hussain stayed in the house of Abbas b. Abd-al-Mottaleb <ref>Ibn Saʿd, p. 56</ref> and remained there for four months.
@@ Line 38: / Line 41: @@
 [[Obayd-Allah Ibn Ziad|Obayd-Allah b. Ziad]] sent his police chief Hussain b. Tamim to [[Qadisiyya]] with the order to block the roads from Hejaz to Iraq. Hussain learned of this from some bedouins he met, who stated that they were cut off from Kufa, but he continued on his way. In [[Al-Thaʿlabiyya|Thaʿlabiyya]] he first received news of the abortive Kufan rising and the execution of [[Muslim b. Aqil b. Abi Talib|Muslim b. Aqil]] and [[Haniʾ b. ʿUrwa al-Muradi|Haneʾ b. Orwa]]. The reliability of reports that he considered turning back at this stage and changed his mind only because of the resolve of Muslim’s brothers to seek revenge or death is to be doubted. In [[Zubala]] he was informed that a messenger he had sent to Kufa to announce his imminent arrival had been intercepted and killed by Obayd-Allah b. Ziad by having him thrown from the roof of his palace. In a written statement he broke the news to his supporters, acknowledging that the Kufan Shiʿites had deserted him, and encouraged anyone who so wished, to leave freely without guilt. Most of those who had joined him at various stages on the way from Mecca now left him.
+{{Timeline of the Event of Karbala Vertical}}
 ==The Battle of Karbala==
 Soon after leaving [[Sharaf]] his supporters sighted a troop of 1,000 Kufan mounted men under the command of [[Hurr b. Yazid Riahi Tamimi]]. He turned off the road towards the left and alighted at [[Dhu Husam]] near [[Karbala]], where he was joined by the Kufan troop. Hussain ordered the call to prayer to be made and addressed the Kufans, reminding them that they had invited him to come because they were without an [[imam]]. He told them that he intended to proceed to Kufa with their support, but if they were now opposed to his coming, he would return to where he had come from. The Kufans did not respond, but performed the midday prayer under his leadership. After the afternoon prayer he addressed them again. He stressed the prior right of the Prophet’s family to govern them and mentioned the letters he had received from them. When Hurr claimed that they knew nothing of these letters, he had the saddle-bags with them brought forward and scattered the letters before them. Hurr averred that they were not of those who had written them and that they were under order to bring him to Obayd-Allah b. Ziad. When Hussain set out to move, Hurr blocked his way. After a heated exchange, Hurr explained that he had not been ordered to fight Hussain but to bring him to Kufa. If Hussain would not follow him, Hurr would not allow him to take the route to either Kufa or Medina. He would write to Obayd-Allah for further instructions, and, also suggested that Hussain should write to Yazid or Obayd-Allah. Hussain did not accept the advice and turned left in the direction of Odayb and [[Qadisiyya]]. Hurr kept following him and warned him against a fight in which he would inevitably perish, but he was unable to prevent four Kufan Shiʿites from joining him. When they reached the district of Ninawa, a village near Karbala, a messenger arrived from Kufa with instructions for Hurr to force Hussain to camp in the open desert in a place without fortification and water. Obayd Allah’s aim evidently was to force Hussain to start fighting. As Hurr prevented him from alighting either in Ninawa or Ghazeriya (a village to the northeast of [[Karbala]]), on 2 [[Muharram]] 61/2 October 680, he set his camp in the desert land of Karbala at a location that was without [[water]].
@@ Line 57: / Line 63: @@
 The accounts of the early sources tend to put the responsibility for the death of Hussain mostly on Obayd-Allah b. Ziad and to exonerate the caliph Yazid, who is described as cursing his governor and stating that if he had been present he would have spared Hussain. Obayd-Allah certainly was eager to humiliate and kill Hussain, as is evident from his vow to have his body trampled by horses. His hatred ultimately sprang from the denunciation of Mu’awiya’s recognition of Ziad as his brother by the grandsons of the Prophet in the name of Islam. The prime responsibility for the death of Hussain, however, lay with Yazid, who knew that the grandson of the Prophet would constitute a menace to his reign as long as he was alive, even if temporarily forced to submission. Yazid wanted him dead but, as a caliph of Islam, could not afford to be seen as having ordered his death. He was aware of Obayd-Allah’s hatred of Hussain when he appointed him governor of Kufa and hinted in a letter to him that Hussain would reduce him to slave status again (Baladhori, II, p. 464). He commended Obayd-Allah highly for the execution of Muslim b. Aqil, and the governor could not be in any doubt as to what was expected of him. When the caliph sought in public, however, to place the onus for the slaughter of the Prophet’s grandson on him, Obayd-Allah reacted with resentment and declined Yazid’s wish that he next lead the assault on Abd-Allah b. Zobayr in the Kaʿba.<ref>Tabari, II, p. 408, tr. p. 204</ref>
 ==The family of Hussain==
-Hussain’s first marriage was with Rabab, daughter of Emraʾ-al-Qays b. Adi, a chief of the Banu Kalb. Her father came to Medina early during the caliphate of Omar and was appointed by him amir over all tribesmen of Qozaʿa who would convert to Islam. Ali proposed to him to establish marriage ties, and he agreed to give three of his daughter to Ali, Hasan, and Hussain in marriage. Hasan and Hussain, and no doubt the daughters of Emraʾ-al-Qays, were too young for the wedding to take place immediately, and Hasan may never actually have married the girl chosen for him. Hussain later married Rabab, and in the later years of Ali’s caliphate, Emraʾ-al-Qays and his kin were referred to as his in-laws.<ref>ashar; Thaqafi, p. 426</ref> Rabab remained Hussain’s favorite wife, even though she was childless for many years. Probably after Ali’s death, she bore him a daughter Amena (Amina, Omayma), commonly known as [[Sokayna]]. Later Rabab bore him his son Abd-Allah, who was still a child when he was killed at Karbala. He presumably had saved his own patronymic (konya), Abu Abd-Allah, for a son by her. In some late Shiʿite sources Abd-Allah is called [[ʿAli Asqar|Ali Asqar]] (q.v.), but this is without historical foundation. After Hussain’s death, Rabab is said to have spent a year in grief at his grave and to have refused to remarry. No details are known about Hussain’s marriage to Solafa, a woman of the tribe Bali of Qozaʿa. She bore him a son named Jaʿfar, who died during Hussain’s lifetime.
+Hussain’s first marriage was with Rabab, daughter of Emraʾ-al-Qays b. Adi, a chief of the Banu Kalb. Her father came to Medina early during the caliphate of Omar and was appointed by him amir (governor) over all tribesmen of Qozaʿa who would convert to Islam. Hussain later married Rabab, and in the later years of Ali’s caliphate, Emraʾ-al-Qays and his kin were referred to as his in-laws.<ref>ashar; Thaqafi, p. 426</ref> . Probably after Ali’s death, she bore him a daughter Amena (Amina, Omayma), commonly known as [[Sokayna]]. Later Rabab bore him his son Abd-Allah, who was still a child when he was killed at Karbala. He presumably had saved his own patronymic (konya), Abu Abd-Allah, for a son by her. In some late Shiʿite sources Abd-Allah is called [[ʿAli Asqar|Ali Asqar]] (q.v.), but this is without historical foundation. After Hussain’s death, Rabab is said to have spent a year in grief at his grave and to have refused to remarry. No details are known about Hussain’s marriage to Solafa, a woman of the tribe Bali of Qozaʿa. She bore him a son named Jaʿfar, who died during Hussain’s lifetime.
-Of Hussain’s two sons named Ali, the one who survived him, known as [[ʿAli b. al-Hussain|Zayn al-Abedin]], the fourth Imam of the Shiʿites, was the elder and probably his first-born son. He was twenty-three at the time of the battle of Karbala and thus was born during the caliphate of Ali. His mother was a slave woman, probably from Sind. She was later married to a client of Hussain and had a son with him, ʿAbd-Allah b. Zobayd, who was thus a maternal brother of Ali Zayn al-Abedin. The descendants of Abd-Allah b. Zobayd later lived in Yanboʿ.<ref>Ibn Saʿd, p. 17</ref> Whereas Zayn al-Abedin is called Ali al-Asqar in the early Sunnite sources, Muhammad Mofid <ref>pp. 236-37</ref> and other Shiʿite authors are probably correct in calling him ʿAli Akbar. The second Ali, called Ali Akbar in the Sunnite sources but Ali Asqar by Shaikh Mofid, was nineteen when he was killed at Karbala. His mother was Layla, daughter of Morra b. Orwa Ṯaqafi and Maymuna bt. Abi Sofyan, sister of the caliph Muawiya. The marriage must have taken place soon after Hasan’s surrender to Mu’awiya, as it would not have been possible during the lifetime of Ali. Hussain evidently named his son by Layla also Ali since he, because of his aristocratic Arab mother, had precedence over his elder son by a non-Arab slave woman to become his primary heir. Mu’awiya is even quoted as observing that Ali b. Hussain was the one most suited for the caliphate, since he combined the bravery of the Banu Hashem, the munificence of the Banu Umayya, and the pride of Thaqif.<ref>Abu’l-Faraj Esfahani, Maqatel, p. 80</ref>
+Imam Hussain had two other sons called Ali whose mothers were not the same. The older one whose mother was Layla, daughter of Morra b. Orwa Ṯaqafi and Maymuna bt. Abi Sofyan, sister of the caliph Muawiya was called Ali al-Akbar who was martyred in the battle of Karbala and the other was called Ali b. al-Hussain, Zayn al-Abedin who survived him and became the fourth Imam of the Shiʿites.
 After the death of Hasan, Hussain married Omm Eshaq, daughter of the prominent Companion Talha. She bore Hussain’s daughter Fatima. Contrary to some reports, Fatima must have been younger than Sokayna. At the time of her father’s death, she was probably engaged, but not yet married, to Hasan b. Hasan, the primary heir of Hasan b. Ali.
@@ Line 87: / Line 93: @@
 *[http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t243/e141 OXFORD ISLAMIC STUDIES ONLINE]
 *[http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/hosayn-b-ali ENCYCLOPÆDIA IRANICA]
+{{Companions of Imam al-Hussain}}{{Battle of Karbala}}
 [[Category:Individuals]]
 [[Category:Twelver Shi’ism]]
@@ Line 97: / Line 103: @@
 [[Category:Ahl al-Bayt]]
 [[fa:حسین بن على (ع)]]
+[[Category:Martyrs of Karbala]]
+[[fr:Hussain ibn Ali]]