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[[File:Fatimaa.png|thumbnail|Arabic calligraphy of Fatima, Prophet Muhammad's daughter]] | [[File:Fatimaa.png|thumbnail|Arabic calligraphy of Fatima, Prophet Muhammad's daughter]] | ||
'''Fatima,''' (d. 11 AH/632 AD), daughter of [[Muhammad]] and [[Khadija]], wife of [[ʿAli ibn Abi Talib|ʿAli b. Abi Talib]], mother of [[Hasan B. ʿAli B. Abi Taleb|al-Hasan]] and [[Hussain ibn Ali|al-Hussain]], was the only one of the Prophet’s daughters to enjoy great renown. She became the object of great veneration by all Muslims. This may be because she lived closest to her father, lived longest, and gave him numerous descendants, who spread throughout the Muslim world. <ref>Veccia Vaglieri, L. (2007). “Fāṭima”, in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs.</ref> She is also one of [[the People of Cloak]] and, in Twelver Shi’ite belief, one of the [[fourteen Infallibles]]. She was the only lady chosen by the Prophet Muhammad to be part of [[Mubahala]] with the Christian of Najran. In contrast to the rich hagiographic material on Fatima, purely historical information, reported particularly in Sunni sources, is rare and usually involves only insignificant episodes. | '''Fatima,''' (d. 11 AH/632 AD), daughter of [[Muhammad]] and [[Khadija]], wife of [[ʿAli ibn Abi Talib|ʿAli b. Abi Talib]], mother of [[Hasan B. ʿAli B. Abi Taleb|al-Hasan]] and [[Hussain ibn Ali|al-Hussain]], was the only one of the Prophet’s daughters to enjoy great renown. She became the object of great veneration by all Muslims. This may be because she lived closest to her father, lived longest, and gave him numerous descendants, who spread throughout the Muslim world. <ref>Veccia Vaglieri, L. (2007). “Fāṭima”, in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs.</ref> She is also one of [[the People of Cloak]] and, in Twelver Shi’ite belief, one of the [[fourteen Infallibles]]. She was the only lady chosen by the Prophet Muhammad to be part of [[Mubahala]] with the Christian of Najran. In contrast to the rich hagiographic material on Fatima, purely historical information, reported particularly in Sunni sources, is rare and usually involves only insignificant episodes. | ||
==Biography== | ==Biography== | ||
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Fatima was probably the youngest daughter of [[Muhammad]] and his first wife, [[Khadija]], the only daughter to live long enough to bear numerous offspring. Her date of birth is variously given as between five years before and two years after the beginning of the Prophet’s mission. <ref>Lammens, pp. 8-14.</ref> She was particularly close to her father and is said to have followed him to Medina shortly after his emigration (hejra). Although there is disagreement over details, she became the wife of the Imam [[ʿAli ibn Abi Talib|Ali b. Abi Taleb]] probably in 2/623-24. Muhammad arranged this marriage in obedience to divine will, having already rejected requests for her hand by Abu Bakr, ʿOmar, and probably the very wealthy ʿAbd-al-Rahman b. ʿAwf. <ref>Ibn Saʿd, pp. 11-20; Ibn Rostam, p. 12.</ref> | Fatima was probably the youngest daughter of [[Muhammad]] and his first wife, [[Khadija]], the only daughter to live long enough to bear numerous offspring. Her date of birth is variously given as between five years before and two years after the beginning of the Prophet’s mission. <ref>Lammens, pp. 8-14.</ref> She was particularly close to her father and is said to have followed him to Medina shortly after his emigration (hejra). Although there is disagreement over details, she became the wife of the Imam [[ʿAli ibn Abi Talib|Ali b. Abi Taleb]] probably in 2/623-24. Muhammad arranged this marriage in obedience to divine will, having already rejected requests for her hand by Abu Bakr, ʿOmar, and probably the very wealthy ʿAbd-al-Rahman b. ʿAwf. <ref>Ibn Saʿd, pp. 11-20; Ibn Rostam, p. 12.</ref> | ||
Before the occupation of the prosperous oasis of Khaybar ʿAli and Fatima were poor. As long as she lived Fatima was ʿAli’s only wife and bore him five children: [[Hasan]], [[Hussain ibn Ali|Hussain]], Muhassen (or Muhsen, dead at very young age), Omm Kulthum, and [[Zaynab]] | Before the occupation of the prosperous oasis of Khaybar ʿAli and Fatima were poor. As long as she lived Fatima was ʿAli’s only wife and bore him five children: [[Hasan]], [[Hussain ibn Ali|Hussain]], Muhassen (or Muhsen, dead at very young age), Omm Kulthum, and [[Zaynab]]. | ||
==Political Involvement== | ==Political Involvement== | ||
She seems to have performed only three acts of political significance, each recorded in almost all sources, both [[Sunni]] and [[Shiʿa|Shiʿite]], though in different versions. First, after the conquest of Mecca she refused her protection to [[Abu Sufyan]]; | She seems to have performed only three acts of political significance, each recorded in almost all sources, both [[Sunni]] and [[Shiʿa|Shiʿite]], though in different versions. First, after the conquest of Mecca she refused her protection to [[Abu Sufyan]]; | ||
=== The Incident of Saqifa === | |||
Second, after the death of the Prophet she courageously defended ʿAli’s cause, fiercely opposed the election of Abu Bakr, and had disputes with him and particularly with ʿOmar. | |||
=== The Usurpation of Fadak === | |||
Third, she laid claim to the property rights of her father and challenged Abu Bakr’s categorical refusal to cede them, particularly Fadak and a share in the produce of Khaybar. | |||
==Hagiography== | ==Hagiography== | ||
Hagiographical material on Fatima is much more ample. Whereas Sunni authors emphasized her perfectly “orthodox” virtues, in particular her rank as the daughter of the Prophet, her ascetic life, and her exemplary piety, <ref>Abu’l-Nasr, pp. 72 ff.</ref> [[Twelver Shiʿite]] hagiographers depicted her as a figure of cosmic significance, though early reports, as well as traditions attributed to her, are much scantier than those related to the other thirteen immaculate ones (maʿsum). Fatima was counted among the Prophet’s house ([[ahl al-bayt]]), the five people of the mantle ([[ahl al-kisa]]), and the people of the ordeal ([[mubahala]]) and thus occupies a central place in the pleroma of the immaculate ones, enjoying ontological, initiatory, and eschatological privileges of the same order as those attributed to the Prophet and the imams. | Hagiographical material on Fatima is much more ample. Whereas Sunni authors emphasized her perfectly “orthodox” virtues, in particular her rank as the daughter of the Prophet, her ascetic life, and her exemplary piety, <ref>Abu’l-Nasr, pp. 72 ff.</ref> [[Twelver Shiʿite]] hagiographers depicted her as a figure of cosmic significance, though early reports, as well as traditions attributed to her, are much scantier than those related to the other thirteen immaculate ones (maʿsum). Fatima was counted among the Prophet’s house ([[ahl al-bayt]]), the five people of the mantle ([[ahl al-kisa]]), and the people of the ordeal ([[mubahala]]) and thus occupies a central place in the pleroma of the immaculate ones, enjoying ontological, initiatory, and eschatological privileges of the same order as those attributed to the Prophet and the imams. | ||
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*M. A. Amir-Moezzi, Le guide divin dans le shiʿisme originel. Aux sources de l’ésotérisme en Islam, Paris, 1992; tr. D. Streight as The Divine Guide in Early Shiʿism, Albany, N.Y., 1994. | *M. A. Amir-Moezzi, Le guide divin dans le shiʿisme originel. Aux sources de l’ésotérisme en Islam, Paris, 1992; tr. D. Streight as The Divine Guide in Early Shiʿism, Albany, N.Y., 1994. | ||
*M. Ayoub, “Towards an Islamic Christology: An Image of Jesus in Early Shīʿī Muslim Literature,” Muslim World 66, 1976, pp. 163-88. | *M. Ayoub, “Towards an Islamic Christology: An Image of Jesus in Early Shīʿī Muslim Literature,” Muslim World 66, 1976, pp. 163-88. | ||
*Idem, Redemptive Suffering in Islam: A Study of the Devotional Aspects of ʿÃshûrâ in Twelver Shiʿism, The Hague, 1978. | *[[Redemptive Suffering in Islam: A Study of the Devotional Aspects of Ashura in Twelver Shi'ism|Idem, Redemptive Suffering in Islam: A Study of the Devotional Aspects of ʿÃshûrâ in Twelver Shiʿism, The Hague, 1978.]] | ||
*Muhammad Bukhari, al-Jāmeʿ al-ṣaḥīḥ, n.p. [Cairo], 1360/1940. | *Muhammad Bukhari, al-Jāmeʿ al-ṣaḥīḥ, n.p. [Cairo], 1360/1940. | ||
*Ḥāfeẓ Rajab Borsī, Mašāreq anwār al-yaqīn, 10th ed., Beirut, n.d. | *Ḥāfeẓ Rajab Borsī, Mašāreq anwār al-yaqīn, 10th ed., Beirut, n.d. | ||
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*Idem, Opera Minora, ed. Y. Moubarak, 3 vols., Paris, 1969. | *Idem, Opera Minora, ed. Y. Moubarak, 3 vols., Paris, 1969. | ||
*Mrs. Meer Hassan Ali, Observations on the Mussulmauns of India, London, 1832; repr. Oxford, 1972. | *Mrs. Meer Hassan Ali, Observations on the Mussulmauns of India, London, 1832; repr. Oxford, 1972. | ||
*D. Pinault, The Shiites: Ritual and Popular Piety in a Muslim Community, London, 1992. | *[[David Pinault|D. Pinault]], [[The Shiites; ritual and piety in Muslim community|The Shiites: Ritual and Popular Piety in a Muslim Community]], London, 1992. | ||
*E. Šakurzāda, ʿAqāyed wa rosūm-e ʿāmma-ye mardom-e Ḵorāsān, Tehran, 1346 Š./1967. | *E. Šakurzāda, ʿAqāyed wa rosūm-e ʿāmma-ye mardom-e Ḵorāsān, Tehran, 1346 Š./1967. | ||
*A. Šarīʿatī, Fatima, Fatima ast, Tehran, 1356 Š./1977; tr. L. Bakhtiar, Tehran, 1981. | *A. Šarīʿatī, Fatima, Fatima ast, Tehran, 1356 Š./1977; tr. L. Bakhtiar, Tehran, 1981. | ||