Editing DU’L-JANAH

'''Du’l-Janah''' is Imam Hussain’s winged horse, known from popular literature and rituals. According to popular literature, Du’l-Janah returned to the tents of the [[Ahl-e Bayt]] after [[Hussain ibn Ali|Imam Hussain]]’s [[martyrdom]] to convey the news of this tragedy. Du’l-Janah, feeding the Artists’ imagination, plays an important role in [[Ta'ziya]] and other [[Ashurai arts]].  
==Du’l-Janah in Maqatel==
Du’l-Janah was mentioned in medieval narratives of Hussain’s [[martyrdom]] at [[Karbala]] ([[Maqtal|maqatel]]), for example, [https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/ibn-atham-al-kufi-COM_30716 Ibn Aʿtham Kufi]’s 9th-century Ketab al-fotuh and al-Lohuf by Ibn Taʾus Taʾusi (d. 664/1266), which became sources for later Turkish and Persian [[maqtal-namas]]. In al-Lohuf the horse, unnamed but said to be descended from the Prophet [[Muhammad]]’s mount, is supposed to have dipped its head in its master’s blood and attacked the enemy. It then returned, smeared with Hussain’s blood, to the tents of the [[Ahl-e Bayt]]. As it approached, Hussain’s infant daughter [[Sakina bint Hussain|Sukayna]] began to cry, joined by the other women in the family (pp. 98-99; cf. Calmard, p. 120). The Turkish Dastan-e maqatel-e Hussain (763/1362) by Shadi Maddah contains a similar account but includes the name Du’l-Janah (Mélikoff, p. 142; Calmard, pp. 225-26). [[Kamāl al-Dīn Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī Kashifi|Hussain Waʿez Kashefi]], in [[Rawza|Rawzat al-Shuhada]] (comp. 908/1502), recounted a detailed story, partly based on Ibn Aʿtham’s text, in which Du’l-Janah, instead of behaving aggressively, weeps (p. 363; cf. Calmard, p. 396; Ebn Aʿtam, tr., pp. 538-39). According to various traditions, Du’l-Janah eventually killed itself or disappeared into the desert (Waʿez Kashefi, p. 349).
==Du’l-Janah in Ta’ziya==
At least from Safavid times, representations of Hussain’s horse were led in the processions and pageants that developed into [[Ta'ziya|taʿziya]] performances of the [[martyrdom]] of Hussain. This “nationalist” tradition also found its way into the literature of such plays (Pelly, II, p. 173; Calmard, p. 396). Du’l-Janah appears in various other taʿziya episodes, for example, [[Qasim b. al-Hasan|Qasim b. Hasan]]’s marriage at Karbala: Hussain orders the horse brought to his daughter [[Fatima]], who rides it to the bridal chamber (Humayuni, p. 14). Du’l-Janah was also represented in [[Muharram]] processions in India (Pelly, I, p. xxii) and is still included at Lucknow, Delhi, and probably elsewhere (Jaffri, pp. 224-25).
==Bibliography==

*J. Calmard, Le culte de l’Imām Ḥusayn. Étude sur la commémoration du drame de Karbalā dans l’Iran pré-safavide, Ph.D. diss., Université de Paris III (Sorbonne), 1975.

*Ebn Aʿṯam Kūfī, Ketāb al-fotūhá, partial tr. Moḥammad b. Aḥmad Mostawfī Heravī [596/1199], Bombay, 1300/1882.
 
*Ebn Ṭāʾūs Ṭāʾūsī, al-Loḥūf, tr. F. Wüstenfeld as Der Tod des Ḥusein ben Ali und die Rache, Göttingen, 1883.
 
*S. Humayuni, “An Analysis of the Taʿziyeh of Qāsem,” in [[Peter J. Chelkowski|P. Chelkowski]], ed., Taʿziyeh. Ritual and Drama in Iran, New York, 1979, pp. 12-23.
 
*S. H. A. Jaffri, “Muharram Ceremonies in India,” in P. Chelkowski, ed., Taʿziyeh. Ritual and Drama in Iran, New York, 1979, pp. 222-27.
 
*I. Mélikoff, “Le drame de Kerbelâ dans la littérature épique turque,” REI 34, 1966, pp. 133-48.
 
*L. Pelly, The Miracle Play of Hasan and Husain, 2 vols., London, 1879.
 
*Hussain Wāʿeẓ Kāšefī, [[Rawdat al-shuhada|Rawżat al-šohadāʾ]] . . ., ed. M. Ramażānī, Tehran, 1344/1955. (Jean Calmard) Originally Published: December 15, 1996. Last Updated: December 1, 2011. This article is available in print. Vol. VII, Fasc. 6, pp. 569-570.

==Source==

*[http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/dul-janah Encyclopaedia Iranica]

[[Category: Battle of Karbala]]
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