Editing Shahada (section)

==Bibliography==

*Aghaie, Kamran Scot. The Martyrs of Karbala: Shiʿi Symbols and Rituals in Modern Iran. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2004.
*Aghaie, Kamran Scot, ed.The Women of Karbala: Ritual Performance and Symbolic Discourses in Modern Shiʿi Islam. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2005.
*Allen, Lori. “There Are Many Reasons Why: Suicide Bombers and Martyrs in Palestine.”Middle East Report223 (2002): 34–37.
*Alserat: The Imam Hussain Conference12 (Spring–Summer 1986). Contains a number of articles, many from a Shiʿi perspective, on the significance of the martyrdom of the Prophet's grandson Hussain.
*ʿĀrif, ʿĀrif. Sijill al-khulūd: asmāʿ al-shuhadaʿ alladhina istashhadū fī maʿārik Filasṭīn (The Scroll of Immortality: Names of the Martyrs Who Bore Witness with Their Lives in the Battles for Palestine). 1947–1952; Sidon, Lebanon: 1962.
*Arnold, Thomas W.“Saints and Martyrs (Muhammadan in India).” In Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics, vol. 11, pp. 68–73. Edinburgh: T. and T. Clark, 1911/1958.
*Ayoub, Mahmoud M. “Martyrdom in Christianity and Islam.” In Religious Resurgence: Contemporary Cases in Islam, Christianity, and Judaism, edited by Richard Antoun and [[Mary Elaine Hegland]], pp. 67–77. Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 1987.
*Ayoub, Mahmoud M.Redemptive Suffering in Islam : A Study of the Devotional Aspects of ʿĀshūrāʿ in Twelver Shīʿism. The Hague: Mouton, 1978. The first major Western study on the subject, shedding light on the martyrdom motif in both Sunni and Shiʿi Islam.
*Björkman, W.“Shāhid.” In Shorter Encyclopaedia of Islam, edited by H. A. R. Gibb and J. H. Kramers, pp. 517–518. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1953.
*[[Peter J. Chelkowski|Chelkowski, Peter]], ed.Taʿziyeh: Ritual and Drama in Iran. New York: New York University Press, 1979. Classic study highlighting the importance of the martyrdom motif for the rise and development of taʿzīyah, which has been called the only authentic Islamic drama.
*Cook, David. Martyrdom in Islam. Cambridge, U.K.: Cam-bridge University Press, 2007.
*Dorraj, Manochehr. “Symbolic and Utilitarian Political Value of a Tradition: Martyrdom in the Iranian Political Culture.”The Review of Politics59, no. 3 (1997): 489–521.
*[[Carl W. Ernst|Ernst, Carl  W]]. “From Hagiography to Martyrology: Conflicting Testimonies to a Sufi Martyr of the Delhi Sultanate.”History of Religions24 (1985): 308–327. A primarily literary study of martyrdom, describing the transformation from saint to martyr.
*Firestone, Reuven. “Merit, Mimesis, and Martyrdom: Aspects of Shiʿite Meta-Historical Exegesis on Abraham's Sacrifice in Light of Jewish, Christian, and Sunni Muslim Tradition.”Journal of the American Academy of Religion66, no. 1 (1998): 93–116.
*Klausner, Samuel Z.“Martyrdom.” In The Encyclopedia of Religion, vol. 9, pp. 230–238. New York: Macmillan, 1987.
*Lane Fox, Robin. Pagans and Christians. New York: Knopf, 1987 and 1989.
*Massignon, Louis. The Passion of al-Ḥallāj: Mystic and Martyr of Islam. Translated from the French by Herbert Mason. 4 vols. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1982. Classic study of the life, milieu, and works of Islam's most famous martyr.
*Pannewicke, Friedericke, ed.Martyrdom in Literature: Visions of Death and Meaningful Suffering in Europe and the Middle East from Antiquity to Modernity.Wiesbaden: Reichert Verlag, 2004. This is a remarkable collection of essays that should be consulted by anyone interested in the topic. On the Islamic tradition see the important articles by Pannewicke, Jacobi, Leder, Sharma, Neuwirth, Klemm, and Mejcher-Atassi.
*Patton, Walter M.“Saints and Martyrs (Muhammadan).” In Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics, vol. 11, pp. 63–68. Edinburgh: T. and T. Clark, 1911/1958.
*Sachedina, Abdulaziz Abdulhussein. Islamic Messianism: The Idea of the Madhī in Twelver Shiʿism.  Albany: State University of New York Press, 1981. Pioneering study of the subject, demonstrating the importance of martyrdom in Shiism.
*Shuhadaʿ thawrat 1919 (Martyrs of the 1919 Insurrection). Cairo: al-Hayʿah al-Miṣrīyah al-ʿĀmmah lil-Kitāb, 1984.
*Ṭāleqāni, Maḥmūd, Murtazā Muṭahharī, and ʿAli Sharīʿatī. Jihad and Shahādat: Struggle and Martyrdom in Islam. Edited by Mehdi Abedi and [[Gary Carl Legenhausen|Gary Legenhausen]]. Houston: Institute for Research and Islamic Studies, 1986. Very useful collection, especially for a Shiʿi perspective.
*Wensinck, A. J.“The Oriental Doctrine of the Martyrs.” In Semietische Studien uit de Nalatenschap, pp. 91–113. Leiden: A. W. Sijthoff, 1941. The first important Western study of the problem, by one of the greatest Islamicists in that tradition.