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==Bibliography== *Abou El Fadl, Khaled. Rebellion and Violence in Islamic Law. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 2001. *Azmeh, Aziz al-. Muslim Kingship: Power and the Sacred in Muslim, Christian, and Pagan Polities. London: I. B. Tauris, 1997. *Crone, Patricia. “Ninth-century Muslim Anarchists.” Past and Present 167 (2000): 3–28. *Crone, Patricia. Slaves on Horses. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1980. *Crone, Patricia, and Hinds, Martin. God’s Caliph: Religious Authority in the First Centuries of Islam. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1986. *Gibb, H. A. R. “Al-Mawardi’s Theory of the Caliphate.” In his Studies on the Civilization of Islam. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1962. *Gibb, H. A. R. “Some Considerations on the Sunni Theory of the Caliphate.” In his Studies on the Civilization of Islam. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1962. *Hawting, G. R. The First Dynasty of Islam. 2d ed. London: Routledge, 2000. *Hibri, Tayeb El-. Reinterpreting Islamic Historiography: Harun al-Rashid and the Narrative of the _Abbasid Caliphate. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1999. *Hodgson, Marshall G. S. The Venture of Islam: Conscience and History in a World Civilization. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1974. *Kennedy, Hugh. The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates. London: Longman, 1986. *Lambton, A. K. S. State and Government in Medieval Islam. Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press, 1981. *Madelung, Wilferd. The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1997. *Mawardi, Al-. The Ordinances of Government. Translated by W. H. Wahba. Reading, U.K.: Garnet Publishing, 1996. *Qadi, Wadad al-. “The Term ‘Khalifa’ in Early Exegetical Literature.” Die Welt des Islams 28 (1988): 392–411. *Safran, Janina M. The Second Umayyad Caliphate: The Articulation of Caliphal Legitimacy in al-Andalus. Cambridge, Mass.: Center for Middle Eastern Studies, Harvard University, 2000. *Sanders, Paula. Ritual, Politics, and the City in Fatimid Cairo. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1994. *Tabari, Al-. The History of Al-Tabari. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1985–1999. *Tyan, Emile. Institutions du droit public musulman, Vol. 1: Le califat. Paris: R. Sirey, 1954. *Zaman, Muhammad Qasim. Religion and Politics under the Early _Abbasids. Leiden: Brill, 1997.
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